Circuit Analysis Using Kirchoffs Voltage Law, Kirchoffs Current Law,

Have you ever wondered how or what makes an electric circuit function? A fact that many people don't realize is that almost every electric circuit can be analyzed with three very important laws. Those laws are Kirchoff's Current Law, Kirchoff's Voltage Law, and Ohm's Law. With some practice and the above stated laws in your tool bag, you can feel assured that you too can analyze electric circuits with the best of them. However, before we get into the nitty-gritty of defining and using these laws, I recommend that you first connect to the links that offer a little historical information about the two men that defined these fundamental laws for electric circuit analysis. Gustav Robert Kirchoff was a German physicist born on March 12, 1824, in Konigsber, Prussia. Gustav Kirchoff's first research topic was on the conduction of electricity. As a result of this research, Kirchoff wrote the Laws of Closed Electric Circuits in 1845. These laws were eventually named after their author, which are now known as Kirchoff's Current and Voltage Laws. Because Kirchoff's Voltage and Current laws apply to all electric circuits, a firm understanding of these fundamental laws is paramount in the understanding of how an electronic circuit functions. Although these laws have immortalized Kirchoff in the field of Electrical Engineering, Kirchoff also had additional discoveries. Gustav Kirchoff was the first person to verify that an electrical impulse traveled at the speed of light. Furthermore, Kirchoff made major contributions in the study of spectroscopy and he advanced the research into blackbody radiation. Gustav Robert Kirchoff died in Berlin in October 17, 1887. Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist born in Erlangen, Bavaria, on March 16, ... ...t is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance. In equation form, Ohm's law states V = I*R where V is the applied voltage, R is the resistance in Ohms, I is the current in amperes. Ohm's law demonstrates that if the applied voltage across a circuit is increased or decreased, the current generated in the circuit increases and decreases, respectively. Furthermore, as the resistance in a circuit increases, the current generated in the circuit decreases. The following are algebraic variations of Ohm's law that demonstrate theses observations. I = V / R R = V / I Using one of the three algebraic variations of Ohm's law, and any two known variables, one can solve for the other unknown quantity.

Basic Bookkeeping Essay

Assessment 1. Written Assessment 1. Give an example of daily financial records that you could have to maintain? Update your accounts receivable and accounts payable daily on your accounting computer using the software provided or modifies to suit the organisational particular needs. 2. What are the requirements regarding identifying and rectifying errors in documentation? – Using the right accounting method: cash and accrual – Using professional bookkeeping method: hiring specialist, qualified accountant or bookkeeper. – Separate personal and business finances – Ensuring employee and other categories are recorded accurately†¨ – Perform basic account reconciliation. – Implement adequate internal controls – Save receipts for small purchases – Know the difference between profit and cash flow – Rely also on a paper environment – Honour your cheques and GST 3. How can you ensure that credit and debit transactions are accurately recorded, in accordance with organisational requirements? The use of computer software. The system will automatically record entries behind the scenes. Consider each transaction as amount that will either increase or decrease specific accounts, i.e. your bank, revenue as the Chart of Accounts. 4. What are the requirements regarding the maintenance of transactions in a general ledger? The process is to record each journal entry into the general ledger. A general ledger holds four types of accounts: assets, liabilities, income, expenses and references equity. Income and expenses are actually types of asset and liability accounts. There are only two types of accounts managed by a General Ledger: – Accounts that tell you how much you are owed – Accounts that tell you how much you owe 5. What are the requirements regarding the posting of transactions into the general ledger? – Commencing business entries – Correction of posting errors – Interest expense – Interest receivable; non-cash transactions – Purchase of a fixed asset on credit – Sale of a fixed asset on credit - Withdrawal of stock/assets by owner – Write-off a bad debt 6. What is the process for reconciling systems for accounts payable and receivable in the general ledger? – Checking accuracy or creditor account balances (e.g. cash payments journal, purchases journal, purchases returns journal, general journal)†¨ – Checking accuracy of debtor account balances (e.g. cash receipts journal, sales return journal, general journal) – Checking cash payments and receipt journals against bank statement – Checking the total of the creditors schedule equals the balance of the creditors control account. – Checking the total of the debtors schedule equals the balance of the debtors control account 7. Financial Reporting has two methods of accounting. What are they? †¨ – Cash – Accrual 8. Explain the two methods and give examples of which reporting method can be used by what size organisation? Cash Accounting: This is the simpler method because it is based on the actual flow of cash in and out of a business. The cash method is used primarily by sole proprieties and business with no inventory. Accrual Accounting: This records income and expenses as they occur, whether cash has actually changed hands or not. Most small business should switch to accrual  accounting, because this makes it easier to accurately match revenue to expenses.

Essay on Art and the Bible - 1429 Words

Art and the Bible Art and the Bible is an interesting approach at looking at art in all of its forms. It also answers the question what is the place of art in the Christian life? Along with the question it tries to put a general perspective on art. The different types of art that are mentioned are writing, painting, poetry, drama and music. The question is answered by looking in the Bible and finding specific example regarding art in all of its forms. The general perspectives on art are looked at in eleven points. I will also critique this book and give my personal opinion. The first thing made clear in Art and the Bible is the Lordship of Christ regarding man. The Bible makes four things very clear: God made the whole man; in†¦show more content†¦While Moses was on Sinai, God gave him specific instructions regarding the building of the tabernacle. And in these instructions God clearly asked for beauty to be present in the tabernacle. God commanded that art be constructed, not only in the Ta bernacle but also in the Temple. There was no utilitarian purpose for some of the art in the Tabernacle and in the Temple, it is just that God is very interested in beauty. Also, God didn’t say that the art had to be photogenic, God commanded that there be blue, purple, and scarlet pomegranates adorning the skirts of the priest. Purple and scarlet are natural colors of a pomegranate but blue is not. In other words art can be free, it is not constricted to actuality in nature. There are many other instances in which God commanded art in the Temple and in the Tabernacle. The art that has been discussed so far has all had to do with God, but there is also secular art, and that does not mean that it is wrong. There is secular art in the Bible, in 1 Kings 10 Solomon’s throne is described. His throne is adorned with ivory and the finest gold, and with a total of 14 lions, as statues or real lions. This must have been a magnificent piece of secular art. For even more uses of art look at the â€Å"serpent of brass.† God used this piece of art in a very symbolic way. While the Israelites were wandering in the desert they started to complain and God sent fiery serpents among the people and many of them died.Show MoreRelatedPicturing The Bible By Spier J. Art Museum, Fort Worth1007 Words   |  5 Pages Picturing the Bible, by Spier J. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, 2007. 288 pages. Reviewed by June Cuffner. Picturing the bible explores the tradition of Christian art throughout the third century A.D. Christianity slowly emerged becoming the religion of the Roman Empire. This book is based on Christianity and how the religion was viewed through images. The text has an ere of concepts that ties in the concepts of Christians to the beginning of the start of Christianity. The purpose of this bookRead MoreThe Between Mythology And Philosophy1033 Words   |  5 Pagesideas both captures in the concept of art. These two sides are sometimes considered the Dionysians and the Apollonians of art. Dionysians represent the mythological and â€Å"free† side. They seem more creative and imaginative in comparison to the Apollonians who strive to accommodate perfect structure and accuracy to their art. In the Bible, God’s enormous vaults of creativity and art in creating the world alone represents a definition of the beauty and meaning which art must stand for. One can create aRead MoreChrist Blessing, Surrounded By A Donor Family1159 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that each individual should read the Bible and develop a meaningful connection to G-d rather than limiting the Bible to the clergy’s interpretation.1 This Protestant belief and other tenets of the Reformers are evident in the Reformation’s art. Christ Blessing, Surrounded by a Donor Family demonstrates the manner in which the cultural shift from Catholicism to Protestantism in Northern Europe during the Reformation was reflected in that era’s art. The painting indicates how unique protestantRead MoreIndividualism And Secularism In The Renaissance867 Words   |  4 Pagesthis time period. Secularism and Individualism though separate terms have a lot in common. They both have to do with separation of church from daily life. Secularism separating the government, and individualism pushing people to look less at what the Bible said and more at what was relative to their day to day lives. The emphasis on these two ideas during the Renaissance affected the way people wrote, drew, and created architecture, by pushing them away from religion and focusing more on day to day lifeRead MoreHidden and Obvious Messages993 Words   |  4 PagesWhen art in the late antique period was represented by the Jews and Christians in Rome, the result was beautiful paintings, mosaics, sculpture and architecture. What is so unique about this era is that the pieces portrayed biblical scenes, people and places. During the time of Christian persecution, Christian and Jewish art was at times used as a communicator of undercover messages. Many of this art has been found in the catacombs, which were passages under Rome. The Christians and Jews usedRead MoreBradbury Thompson1085 Words   |  5 Pagescareer when working in New York; and from that point he undertook many projects that made him famous. Among those projects includes designing stamps for the postal office, redesigning World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago Daily News, and even the Holy Bible. His work was not overlooked and Bradbury received several awards for his works. Bradbury Thompson has left a very positive and successful mark as being one the most talented graphic designers of the past century. Bradbury Thompson was born in theRead MoreThe Last Supper Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Renaissance, there was an explosion of new ideas, philosophies, and art work of the new era. These new ideas had a new effect on these artwork, literature, and ways of thoughts. Leonardo Da Vinci played a major role on his new ideas and paintings during the Renaissance Period. In this paper I will be analyzing â€Å"The Last Supper,† by Leonardo Da Vinci. The Renaissance is defined as The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Christian College s ( Pcc ) Definition Of Art, And Dr. Francis Schaeffer s Criteria For Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIntro Understanding art is often thought of as being an unreachable goal, but art should not be considered arbitrary because it influences the cultures and societies around us. The purpose of this paper is to define and also establish my opinions on Pensacola Christian College’s (PCC) definition of art, the bibliosophy of art, and Dr. Francis Schaeffer’s criteria for art. These topics are useful for artists as well as anyone else critiquing art, and can also serve as guidelines and standards forRead MoreThemes Of Art : Religion / Mythology And Worship1271 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most popular reoccurring themes in art is Religion/Mythology and worship. For thousands of years, humans have used art as a tool to showcase their beliefs to the world. From an idol that can be filled with blood and used as a sacrifice to a god, to a ceiling painted with events telling the story of the Bible, humans have used art to recognize the religious beliefs they hold so dearly. Sometim es, an artist would use a religion or mythology they didn’t practice solely as the subject of theirRead MoreCan Literature Spark Cultural Difference?1185 Words   |  5 Pagesmovies, or songs. These forms go on to change the core of culture, so we can see a different world every time. It causes us to be very manipulated by the message it spreads out. Literature does spark cultural change using influential works like the Bible, or the song ‘Fireworks’ by Katy perry and even poems like ‘Still I Rise’ by Maya Angelou. These kinds of influntial works tend to spark cultural change throught inspiration and knowledge. One of the ways literature sparks cultural change would be

Operations Management - 5696 Words

Running Head: OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT PROJECT Operations Management Project Ashwin Nandakumar, Mishel Chakkalakal,, Mithun Chacko and Shalwin D’souza Prof. Dr. Kaup Mohammed Operations Management Madonna University March 2011 Table of Content Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 3 Acme Whistles vs. Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 5 Touchwood Subway Vs. IKEA Pret A Manger – by Shalwin D’souza 6 Chilis McDonald’s Baskin Robbins – by Mishel Chakkalakal 9 McDonald’s Newspaper Review – by Ashwin Nandakumar 13 Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 1) Read the short case on Pret A Manger and (a) identify the process in a typical Pret A Manger Shop together with their inputs and outputs, (b) Pret A Manger also supplies†¦show more content†¦They have to replenish their stocks as and when they get over. Hence operating costs are thus further reduced. Pret A Manger has to employee more employees with specialized skill sets like chefs, etc, as they have to distribute man power equally to all their kitchens within their outlets. Acme Whistles has to employee less special skill set employees as no special skill set is required to create whistles. As production is centralized employees are only required to satisfy the work load at that factory. Use of modern technology and automated machines further reduces the required work force. Thus, production cost and labor cost are considerably low for Acme Whistles when compared to Pret A Manger. By Mithun Chacko Touchwood Subway Vs. IKEA Pret A Manger – by Shalwin D’souza Q3. Visit a furniture store (other than IKEA) and a sandwich or snack shop (other than Pret A Manger). Observe how each shop operations, for example, where customers go, how staff interact with them, how big it is, how the shop has chosen to use its space, what variety of products it offers and so on. Talk with the staff and managers if you can. Think about how the shops you have visited are similar to IKEA and Pret A Manger, and how they differ. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As per the requirement of this project, I visited a furniture shop called Touchwood Interior Dà ©cor Show MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. Operations managers are the people who haveRead MoreOperation Management - Cadburyworld2493 Words   |  10 Pagestechnology to streamline the operation process) and facility costs (old and outdated facilities) at lowest possible. In return, they have to compromise low costs with their other objectives. The unskilled staffs and outdated facilities are compromised with the quality in the core process. For example, the brief video (facility) in the packaging plant is outdated and requires commentary notes from some guides. However, the unskilled guides are not familiar with the operations so they need to read fromRead MoreOperation Management And Operations Management2148 Words   |  9 PagesOperation management Introduction Being an operations manager is not an easy task, it involves good control and responsibilities for the major activities within the organisations in order to achieve goals that might be in form of services or in form of goods. The operation management roles may be different from business to business depending on the size and resources available, each organisation has its own operations functions, and in order to produces goods or services they have to convert theRead MoreImportance Of Production And Operations Management2317 Words   |  10 Pagesthe production and operation of enterprises. In order to remain competitive, companies in different countries have different factors of competitive advantage. A clear competitive advantage is the key to gain success in production and operation management. An effective operations management is the foundation of enterprise competitive advantage and the fundamental guarantee to realize corporate strategy. This essay deals with the importance of production and operations management in the enterprise,Read MoreOperations Management : Operation Management Essay2171 Words   |  9 PagesOperation Management Operations administration concentrates on precisely dealing with the procedures to create and circulate items and administrations. Operations administration is the procedure, which joins and changes different assets utilized as a part of the creation/operations subsystem of the association into quality included item/benefits in a controlled way according to the arrangements of the association. In this way, it is that part of an association, which is worried with the changeRead MoreOperation Management2751 Words   |  12 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. OPERATION MANAGEMENT 3 1.1. DEFINITION OF OPERATION MANAGEMENT 3 1.2. THE ROLE OF OPERATION MANAGER 3 1.3. RELATIONSHIP OF OPERATION MANAGEMENT WITH OTHER CORE FUNCTIONS 3 2. CASE STUDIES 3 2.1. HEATHROW INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 3 2.2. NESTLÉ UK CHOCOLATE FACTORY 3 3. MAJOR UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE STUDY 3 4. CONCLUSIONS 3 REFERENCES 3 1. Operation Management For the success of an organization, the management crew plays a major role. An organizational structure is based on differentRead MoreOperations Management986 Words   |  4 PagesOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Select two organisations that you are familiar with – one with a service output and one with a product output, and compare and contrast these organisations with respect to the following aspects: 1.1 The process of transformation of inputs to outputs 1.2 Process and Capacity design 1.3 Supply Chain management 1.4 Scheduling Operations Management refers to the management of the production system that transforms inputs into finished goods and services, (http://csuponomaRead MoreOperation Management2436 Words   |  10 PagesOPERATION MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT TO ALL BUSINESS To be able produce specialized managers capable of fulfilling strategic tasks within business and government enterprises the need for the practice of operations management cannot be forgone. Operations management is very significant in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. Operations management deals with the design, operation, and enhancement of the systems that generate and deliverRead MoreOperations Management Chapter 18 Manual1950 Words   |  8 PagesChApter 18 Management of Waiting Lines Teaching Notes Some of the math and calculations can be left out in order to focus more clearly on the concepts of waiting lines. For example, all infinite source problems, including single channel (except constant service time) can be handled using the infinite source queuing table. In the past, queuing presented students with a good bit of computational requirements, and because of that, students frequently lost sight of the underlying concepts. WithRead MoreOperations Management1791 Words   |  8 PagesQUESTION 1 Operations management must be managed properly in order to improve an organization’s productivity and profitability. In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage

A Study of Digital Literacy in a Marginalised Community

Introduction: Many young students enter into higher education with less focus and understanding of the digital and computing skills which is beneficial for higher education. Current as well in future, most of the new jobs will require excellent digital skills and work will be based only on the digital world, improving digital literacy is an essential part of the higher education and training.Courses either full or part time will help the young learners to learn the subjects in the digital world enable students to gain the skills and confidence they need to use digital technology not only to support their learning but also in the work environment. Definition - Digital Literacy: The concept of digital literacy was introduced by Paul†¦show more content†¦Knowledge about Operating System: Topic Don’t Know Little Known Known Better Well Known General Operating System (File Saving, Editing, Operating System) 3 24 33 97 Only 2% of the students do not know about the operating system. Rest of the students has some knowledge about operating system. Though most of the students do not have system facility, they learnt computer in their academic curriculum. Knowledge about Mailing: Topic Don’t Know Little Known Known Better Well Known Mail ID Creation, Mailing, File Attaching 67 30 30 30 43% of the students do not know about mail id creation, sending mail, file attaching, 19% of them known little, 19% of them known better, 19% of them known well. Group Mails Knowledge: Topic Don’t Know Little Known Known Better Well Known Group Mails 118 29 5 5 75% of the students do not know about group mail, 19% of them known little, 3% of them known better, 3% of them known well. Knowledge about Browsing, You Tube: Topic Don’t Know Little Known Known Better Well Known Browsing, You Tube 68 40 20 29 43% of the students do not know about youtude, browsing, 26% of them known little, 13% of them known better, 18% of them known well. Knowledge about Information Searching: Topic Don’t Know Little Known Known Better Well Known Information Searching 60 34 33 30 38% of the students do not know about Information Searching, 22% of them known little, 21% of them known better, 19% of themShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Social Networking Systems Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages2.1. Media Literacy Traditionally, media literacy was taught in schools discussing its various aspects such as media ownership, censorship and advertising. However, today’s media networks which usually operate online require more complex understanding of digital work that is not generally taught in schools. It requires that individual learn and participate safely in the new emerging social networking sites. There are number of components to media online literacy: †¢ Technical literacy which includesRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On The Classroom Essay3638 Words   |  15 PagesInformation Communication Technology (ICT) in this digitally mediated world has led to the need for digital education in schools, which in turn can bring both potentials and challenges in divergent school settings, as digital literacies bring differing values and meanings in relation to the setting they are situated in. Transitioning from old to new literacies; digital literacy as a socially-imbued construct; digital divide; ICT out-of-school; educators and ICT; and implementing ICT in the classroom will beRead MoreInclusive Teaching Learning 2 Essay examples12114 Words   |  49 PagesYou might like to use the Small steps - big difference tool to help you identify the challenges most relevant to you. In this CPD builder you will find a wide range of information and guidance on inclusion in the form of research, checklists, case studies, good practice advice, videos and activities. There are suggestions of how you can use each resource for CPD to ensure that inclusivity is embedded into all activities and goes further than a tick box approach, alongside prompts to help you reflect

Nike Liu Xiang free essay sample

Crisis Management in Celebrity Endorsement Group 3 Shweta Zacharia Kern Rachita Swarooparani Nike * World’s leading supplier of athletic gear * A major sponsor of various global sports events and high-profile athletes and athletic teams * Entered into China in 1980 Considered to be the ‘coolest’ brand in China- success due to clever marketing Liu Xiang * One of Nike’s most important brand ambassadors in China * First endorsement signed in 2002- he won his first World Championship * New television commercial (TVC) launched in 2004- he won a gold medal at Athens Olympics- â€Å"Stereotypes are meant to be broken† What went wrong in this arrangement? Nike spent heavily on high-profile advertising campaigns centred on Beijing Olympics themes * It also invested a lot of money to design new sportswear and footwear for Liu and other athletes specifically for the Beijing Olympics * Liu was considered to be more valuable than Yao Ming (Chinese Basketball Team) as he was believed to have a higher chance of defending his title from Athens Olympics- so more money was spent on him * A couple of days before the event, Liu quit the race due to an Achilles injury after a false start by another athlete * This was believed to be a big blow to Nike as Liu was the cornerstone for their program What was the reaction to this? * Mixed emotions spread throughout China. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Liu Xiang or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of them were sympathetic while others were angry as the news that Liu was injured was kept in the dark till the last moment. * Online posts on a major Chinese portal even criticized Nike by saying that Nike forced Liu not to participate, as the odds in favour of Liu winning the race was unfavourable. Liu made a public apology and expressed his interest in the sport. His desire for victory is still burning in him and he will soon return back to the sport. What did Nike do? * The day after Liu’s withdrawal, Nike placed a full-page tweaked advertisement depicting Liu’s love of sport despite setbacks * Subsequently, a revised TVC was launched under the same theme- â€Å"Love sport despite setbacks† What is expected to happen now? Although Liu’s existing contracts might not be terminated immediately, in order to avoid public backlash, his withdrawal might affect advertisers’ decisions on renewals. Questions that need to be answered: * Would Nikeâ⠂¬â„¢s â€Å"Love Sport despite Setbacks† tweaking strategy work? Yes, we think it will work. * Would Nike be able to turn Liu’s withdrawal from the Beijing Olympics into an opportunity to further boost its brand image? Yes, Nike might be able to turn this crisis into an opportunity to further boost its brand image if it continues with Liu. This will give it an edge over other sports gear-brands, which have contracts only with successful players and forget them once a better player comes into the picture. Nike can project itself as a partner to the player through thick and thin. This will help to make it a trusted brand. * What alternatives did Nike and other global brands have to minimise the losses from Liu’s withdrawal? 1. Nike and other global brands can still endorse Liu but reduce the amount spent on him. 2. Though Liu was injured, they can still keep Liu in their campaigns, making him support the upcoming champions in the sport. 3. By keeping Liu (though he was injured), Nike can prove to the customers that ‘Nike is with them through thick and thin’. * Would Nike and the other sponsors drop Liu from their future campaigns? No, we think that they should not drop Liu from their campaign so soon but stick to the theme that they have adopted in this crisis. This is in keeping up with the spirit of sportsmanship never give up. Tough times do not last, but tough people do!

The Rise and Spread of Islam free essay sample

The rise of the religion of Islam can be traced to the seventh century. In its usual view Islam is often seen solely in terms of its origins in the barren peninsula of Arabia. It is true that Islam can be traced to the Arabian city of Mecca, where it was revealed to the Prophet Mohammad, during the years 610 to 632 AD. Prophet Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca in Arabia around 570 A. D. in the Qureshi tribe. Mohammed not only established a new religion, he would establish a complete new system of government, one that would eventually spread to every corner of the globe, usually through military conquest, especially in the years following Mohammed’s death. The rise of Islam is truly a religion revolution. Muhammad, an orphan from the merchant class of Mecca, was raised by his grandfather and uncle. He married a wealthy local widow and businesswoman named Khadija. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Spread of Islam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page About 610, Muhammad experienced the first of a number of revelations that he believed came from the archangel Gabriel. In these revelations he was told that there is only one God, called Allah in Arabic. Although the peoples of the Arabian peninsula had already been exposed to monotheism through Jewish traders and Arabic converts to Christianity, Muhammads fervent proclamation of the existence of only one god angered the merchants of Mecca, who anticipated decreased profits from pilgrimages if the revelations of Muhammad were widely accepted. In 622, realizing that his life was in danger, Muhammad and his followers fled to the city of Yathrib (later called Medina), about 200 miles northwest of Mecca. Here Muhammad was allowed to freely exercise his role as prophet of the new faith, and the numbers of believers in the new religion grew. The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, called the hijrah, became the first year in the Muslim calendar. In Medina, Muhammad oversaw the daily lives of his followers, organizing them into a community of believers known as the umma. The well-being of the umma included programs concerning all aspects of life, from relief for widows and orphans to campaigns of military defense. In 629, Muhammad and his followers journeyed to Mecca to make a pilgrimage to the Kaaba, now incorporated as a shrine in the Islamic faith. The following year they returned as successful conquerors of the city, and in 632, they again participated in the hajj. In 632, Muhammad died without appointing a successor, an omission that would have a profound effect on the future of Islam. The Islamic state expanded very rapidly after the death of Muhammad through remarkable successes both at converting unbelievers to Islam and by military conquests of the Islamic communitys opponents. Expansion of the Islamic state was an understandable development, since Muhammad himself had successfully established the new faith through conversion and conquest of those who stood against him. Islam were soon established empires the Abbasids, Fatimids, Almoravids, Seljukids, Ajuuraan, Adal andWarsangali in Somalia, Mughals in India and Safavids in Persia and Ottomans were among the largest and most powerful in the world. The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, doctors and philosophers, all of whom contributed to the Golden Age of Islam. The term Islam means submission, while the name Muslim, applied to the followers of Islam, means one who submits. Muhammad viewed his revelations as a completion of those of Judaism and Christianity and perceived himself not as a deity but as the last in a series of prophets of the one god, Allah. He considered Abraham, Moses, and Jesus also among the prophets of Allah. According to the teachings of Islam, the faithful must follow a set of regulations known as the Five Pillars. They include: Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Alms-giving, and The hajj. Islam was