Writing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Writing assignment - Essay Example e offensive, its linguistic origin indicates that it is not fundamentally belligerent but merely a term used to describe a unique group of people who principally hunted for sustenance and still leading an aboriginal way of life. Eskimo language encompass a parlance continuum and is divided into two branches; Aleut and Eskimo. The Aleut dialect encompasses Pribilof, Unalaskan, Atkan, Unangan, Berring and Attuan while the eskimo dialect encompasses Inuit, Yuit and Yupik. Although our population has been fluctuating overtime due to climatic and technological changes, it currently lies at approximately 57,152, a figure that is higher as compared to other traditional hunting and gathering societies. We are very different from Indian Americans and cannot simply be designated ‘Indians transformed’ (Vakhtin, 1998). However, they are meticulously correlated with the Mongolian people from eastern Asia. Hunting was the main activity that provided sustenance to the Eskimo. However, the animals hunted varied significantly depending on the location of the group and the prevalent seasons; the animals include whales, caribou, fish, walrus, fox, birds, Dall sheep, polar and fractious bears. Hunters, especially whale hunters, subsisted in dome shaped ice cabins and dressed in hefty fur clothing (Kaplan, 1990). The hunters captured huge bowhead whales that could provide numerous tons of meat; meat that was stored in hovels in the frozen ground. Both men and women were involved in hunting for food and kept on constantly migrating following the movements of their prey. The apposite time to end a term’s whaling was agreed upon by captains of the crews, each crew consisted of 6 paddlers, a harpooners and a captain, a factor that bolstered cooperation and coordination and forestalled instances of hunger. When a whale was spotted, 4-8 hunters used umiak (a skin-covered open boat) to ventu re onto the water and capture the animal. Hunting was perceived to be an important strategy of

Comparing Organization and Behavior between Nestle and HSBC

Comparing Organization and Behavior between Nestle and HSBC Nestle was found in 1866 by Hentri Nestle.Sales for 2009 were CHF 108 bn.Number of employees around 280000 people and have factories almost every country in the world.The companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are,whatever their needs throughout their lives.The companys strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Today Nestle present different markets in different main brands. -coffee,ice-cream,other beverages like Milo,diary-shelf stable nestle,dairy-chilled nestle, infant nutrition,performance nutrition, healthcare-nutrition, soups,sause(pasta,seasoning), frozen foods, refrigerated products, chocolate,confectionary and biscuits. Introduction to the HSBC- Hong-kong and Shanghal Banking Corporation (HSBC) is a public limited company that is headquarted in London, England.The HSBC was founded in Hong-kong,china but was force to move to London in 1992.It is the largest banking group in the world. It has many locations world-wide. Chester Barnard(1938) defined an organization as a system of co-operative human activities.Organizational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals and groups act in organizations.The organizations base rests on managements philosophy,Values,vision and goals.The culture determines the types of leadership, communication and group dynamics within the organization.The workers perceive this as the quality of work life which directs their degree of motivation.The final outcome are performance,individual satisfaction and personal growth and development. All these elements combine to build the model or frame work that the organization operates from. . Organizational structure According Stoner et al., (1995; 315) organization structure refers to The way in which an organizations activities are divided, organized and co-ordinated. Therefore the structure of an organization establishes how work is allocated and controlled;how people and activities are grouped together;and the channels through which authority and communication are distributed within the organization Both HSBC and Nestle organizations have formal organizational structures.the objective is to survive,maximize their profits and to expand their business.The strategic management enables to achieve competitive advantage and competitive position in global market.The formal organization structure helps to achieve many objectives. To link individuals in an established network of relationships To group together the task required to fulfill the objectives of the organization as a whole, and to allocated them to suitable individuals for groups To allocated individuals or groups the authority they required to perform their functions as well as the responsibility to account for their supervisors This creates a hierarchy of command,whereby authority flows downward from senior to each level of the organization To enable the flow of work,information and other resources through the organization via clear lines of co-operation and communication. There are many factors which in influences the structure of organization. 1. Organizations size- as an organization gets larger its structure gets more complex.Therefore specification and subdivision are required.Both HSBC and Nestle are global organizations.They are very large in size. 2. Organizations task- the nature of its work.Nestle is a nutrition,helth and wellness company and HSBC is one of the largest financial and banking services industries in the global environment. 3. Organizations staff the skills and abilities of staff will determine how the work is structured and the degree of supervision required.The staff of the Nestle is much larger than HSBC because in HSBC most of the things are automated.but in Nestle most of the work has to be done by human. 4. Legal, commercial, technical and social environment of organization- both are legal and technology is very high.And both companies related to people in two ways. In an organizational structure span of control is another important thing.That means the number of subordinate immediately reporting to a superior official.Nestle have narrow span of control because it has a large number of levels of management hierarchy and HSBC have a wide span of control because it has a small number of hierarchical levels.Other important thing is decision making.If the decisions making doing by the top levels of the organization it is called centralization and if it is doing throughout all levels of the organization then it is called decentralization.Nestle company believes strongly in decentralization.In the case of HSBC,also decentralized and all branches of it controlled by a central committee.But it also subdivided on national and domestic market. Both companies are departmentalized on functional basis.There are six functional departmentaion within Nestle; Marketing Finance Packaging Sales Research and development Administration Organizational culture Organizational culture varies from organization to organization.It is difficult to define organizational culture. Deal Kennedy., (1982;4) defined organizational culture as The way things get done around here and J.A Stoner,R.E Freeman D.R Gilbrert defined it as Organizational culture is the set of important understanding such as norms , values, attitudes and beliefs shared by organizational members. Culture of an organization depends on the management style and organizational structures that are used.It could be; 1. Role culture-This tells how rules and regulations associated with employees and it is best suited for hierarchy organizational structure. 2. Task culture-This encourage the people to work as a team. 3. Power culture-This is in matrix structure and it is based on one dominant. 4. Person culture-This s based on person in the organization to help and support in their work HSBC have an effective strong organizational culture.As a part of this the management has initiated localization policies which are opened for most higher levels within operating to nationals that enables the company to top high-quality employee from different part of world.Within the organization culture of HSBC it is highly regarded for work-ethic endorsement.This involves the careful screening of employee with the necessary skills and high potential for improvement. Nestle have a organizational culture which vary from country to country because it is a food related organization.Nestle has good values; It also commitment to a strong work,ethics,integrity,honesty and quality. The personal relationships are based specialy on trust and mutual repect.This implies sociable attitude towards others. Pride in contributing to the performance of the company. Effect of structure and culture on business performance The relationship between organizational culture and structure is an important.But it is difficult to distinguish from one another.They are very much intertwined.Peter F Druker, a prominent writer of management,politics,economy and society(1995;190) highlighted organization structure is an indispensable means and the wrong structure will seriously impair business performance and may even destroy it Thus success or failure of out come of the organization depends on organizational structure. How management works,which specific responsibilities supervisors have,How a complaint is passed through the ranks all these issues within the organizational culture that are directly tied to how an organizational structure works. The degree to which tasks in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs( work specialization ) help to makes efficient use of employee skills and it will increases employee skills through repetition.Also wider spans of management increases organizational efficiency. Departmentalization of organization also helps to give efficient work and facilitates group work. The effect of the organizational culture are depending on whether the company has a strong culture or a weak culture.Therefore a strong organization culture will help take everyone more efficient and successful.If the members in the organization accept the core values and commit to those values, then the culture in that organization is strong when the culture is strong it will then influence on the behaviour of its members as a whole.This influence the behaviour of everyone within the organization. Strong cultures not only have a great impact on the behaviour of employees but also have a positive effect on the performance of the organization.Therefore strong culture lead organizations towards high performance and success. Approaches to management Organizations are comprised of managers and operatives.Operatives work directly on the work they have been assigned and are not responsible to oversee the work of others.But managers are responsible for the activities of others to ensure that things are going on as planned.The functions of management traditionally include;planning,organizing, commanding,co-ordinatng and control.But Managers job can not defined exactly. The structure of HSBC provide more efficient management over the whole organization.The management decisions within the organization are more flexible.Also as a part of strategic management HSBC has also been able to constantly stock of its workforce and assess their performance in exciting job.The managers of HSBC also given extensive development and training. In Nestle the members at management level are more concerned with continuously adding value to the company than exercising formal authority.The managers of Nestle should be able to motivate and develop people using their own techniques and openminded as well as a high level of interest in other cultures and life styles. Effectiveness of Leadership Leadership is an important factor to a group or an organization to make it effective.Management and Leadership are interchangeable.Leadership can be identified as the process of attempt to direct and fore others to achieve objective or objectives of the groups or organizations. Leadership styles are illustrates by theories of leadership.Leadership styles can be defined as the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out the way in which the leader typically behaves towards members of the group or the organization.In other words leader styles are the patterns of behaviours which a leader adopts in influencing behaviour of his/ her followers.The different styles of leadership are; Autocratic leadership style Democratic leadership style Laissez fair leadership style Autocratic or authoritarian style Under this leadership styles all decision making powers are centralized in the leader.They do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates.It provide strong motivation to the manager.It permits quick decision making as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to himself until he feels it is needed to be shared with the rest of the group. Participative or democratic style This can be seen as the opposite of the autocratic leadership style.In this style group functions as a whole and there are number of interoperations.That means the functions of leadership are divided among members of the group or the members of the organization.They win the co0operation of their group and can motivate them effectively and positively. Laissez-fair or free rein style In this the leader assumes that all members of the group or the organization will perform well.Such leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates. Therefore the leader dose not interfere to the works of the members.But if the members need any help, the leader provides the necessary assistance.This is different from a situation where the leader is not considering about his functions and trying to avoid problem situations. The effectiveness of the above leadership styles may different from one situation to another situation.The success of a leader is measured by output or productivity of the group they lead but success is not effectiveness.If the subordinate follows the leader because of his position power,the leader is successful but not effective.The leader leads to a successful response and subordinate does the job because it is personally rewarding, it can be seen that the leader has not only positional power but also personal power.Then subordinates respect the leader and they are willing to compare realizing that the leaders request is consistent with some personal goal.Then it can be identified that the leader is effective. The factors affecting leadership effectiveness. The characteristics of leader Personality,attitudes,value system of the leader The relationship between leader and the group Characteristics of subordinates/group members The nature of the work organization Relationship among subordinates/group members Motivation and Motivational Theories A work place has members of group and the group has to achieve an objective or objectives.Thus the objectives or objectives can be achieved by the combined effort of its group members.For this effort to achieve objective or objectives efficiently and effectively,motivation of the group members should be there.Therefore it is necessary to know how to motivate group members of workplace.There are different theories of motivation attempted to explain the nature of motivation.These theories show that there are many motives that influence peoples behaviour. There are four theories of motivation; Maslows Hierachy of Needs Theory Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Alderfers Modified Needs Theory McClellands Achievement Motivation Theory 1. Maslows Hierachy of Needs Theory This motivation theory developed by Abraham Maslow and according to him people is being with needs and what they want depends on what they already have.He suggests that human needs are arranged in a series of levels depicting a hierarchy of importance.That is why theory is called as hierarchy of needs theory. Self- Actualization Need Esteem Need Love Need Safety Needs Physiological Needs Pyramidal diagram for Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs- In this need people try to satisfy their basic need for food, shelter and clothing.In work place if a person is paid enough salary to maintain above needs then employee engage with work willingly. Safety Needs-When physiological needs satisfied to reasonable level next important level is safety need.If they satisfied with safety needs people can be motivated by introducing pension schemes and by introducing projects for labour safety. Love Needs-Then they expect love and affection.When a leader know that such need to be prevailing within members of his/her workplace,the leader can be used following strategies. Providing opportunities for group entertainment Put them to work in groups Let them to more with groups in which they have affection Esteem Needs-At this level employee are concern with self respect,self confidence,a feeling of personal worth feelings of being unique and recognition.Here motivation can be exercised by providing positional status,appreciating,giving awards etc. Self-Actualization Needs-This is the highest need and it is the need to minimize ones potential,whatever it may be.Here the individual can be motivated by maximizing the benefits provided to the person earlier in line with personal goals. 2. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Herzberg identified that there were two sets of factors affecting motivation and work.He introduced these factors as hygiene factor and motivators. Hygiene/Maintenance factor- Herzberg identified pay,job security,status, work environment,rules and regulations,nature of interpersonal relations and personal esteems as hygiene factors.By this factor dissatisfaction will be able to eliminate because this factor is related job context and they concerned with job environment and extrinsic to the job itself. Motivators/Growth factor- Herzberg identified recognition,responsibility,room for development and work place as motivator factors.It will lead to motivate employees.That means motivators are serve to motivation individual to superior effort and high level of performance.These are related to job content of the work itself. In a work place according to this theory by providing hygiene factors dissatisfaction of the employees can be removed and by providing motivators,employees can be kept satisfied. 3. Alderfers Modified Needs Theory This theory was introduced by Alderferand by this theory he condensed five levels of needs as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory into three levels of core needs.They are; Existence Relatedness Growth Maslows Hierachy of Needs Theory Alderfers Modified Needs Hierachy Teory Physiological Needs Esistence Needs Safety needs Relatedness Needs Love Needs Esteem Needs Growth Needs Self-Actualization Needs Relationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and Alderfers modified needs hierarchy theory According to the Alderfers modified needs hierarchy theory an individual is motivated to safety,one or more basic sets of needs.Therefore if a persons needs at a particular level are blocked then attention should be focused on the satisfaction of needs at the other levels 4.McClellands Achievement Motivation Theory This theory was presented by McClellands and colleagues and they identified three main arousal based and socially developed motives.They are; Needs for Affiliation Needs for Power Needs for Achievement In this theory they identified the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationship as needs for affiliation.The need to make others behave in a way that they would not behave otherwise was identified the derive to excel to achieve in relation to set of standards and to strive to succeed as needs for achievement. Ho Individual behaviour at work H However relative intensity of afflation; power and achievement motives varies among individuals Mc Celland and his colleagues identified 3 common characteristics among people with high achievement needs.These characteristics were ; 1. The preferences for personal responsibility 2. The setting of moderate goals 3. The desire for concrete feedback In a work place to achieve goal efficiently the setting of moderate gal is important because the task should be easy to achieve with a little challenge and feed back is necessary for self evaluation.Feedback enables to determine success or failure in the accomplishment of their goals and to derive satisfaction from their activities. In an organizations individuals/members are another important element.Within an organization the social system includes all the people in it and their relationship to each other and to the outside world.The behaviour of an individual can have an impact either directly or indirectly on the behaviour of others.The major factors which influence individual behaviour at work is as follows; Demographicfactors-Those are socio-economic background, education, nationality,age,sex etc..Normally organization prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background,well educated and young person than others because they believe that they high work performances. Ability and skills-Ability can be defined as the individual can do and skill can be defined as the ability to act in a way to perform well.Therefore individual behaviour is highly influence by the abilities and skills to give a good performance. Personality-This can be defined as the characteristics of an individuals thoughts,feelings and behaviours.Heredity,family,society,culture and situation are factors which influence personality.It helps individuals in directing their effort and motivating them for achieving of the organizational goal. Attitude-The other most important factor is attitude of an individual.It can be defined as a tendency to respond favorably or unfavorably to certain states. Three basic components are containing in attitudes. They are; Knowledge and beliefs -Feelings and desire Volition and will Perception-This can be defined as the psychological process by which incoming data are selected and organized into patterns which are meaningful to the individual. Group behaviour within an organization A group can be defined as a collection of individuals to achieve a common goal/task.The members of the group are depending on each other Groups have become the core unit in many organizations.The group can be small or large to form a group there must be more than two individuals but there is no specific limit for the maximum number.It depend on the objective of the group.In an organization there are rules an regulations which control the activities of group.Also group influence their members attitudes and behaviour.Therefore groups are inseparable from organization.Group help to increase organization stability and it facilitate changes in organization procedures and policies.Therefore there is important impact of groups on organizational effectiveness. Group dynamics describe about group formation,norms, decision making,contributing. Therefore it shows how a group should be organized,operated and conducted.It is a set of techniques. Teamwork is very important in an organization to achieve its goals.An effective team always have clear team goals that encourage team members to replace priority of individual goals with that of team one Also there should be effective team leader who can motivate team members even in difficult situation. Effective teamwork can be archived through effective team building and teamwork is always beneficial for organizations.Teamwork increases flexibility and speed of the work because one task s is done by more than one individual with deferent skills. Stephen R. Covey define teams in organizations as An empowered organizations is one in which individuals have the knowledge, skill, desire and opportunity to personally succeed in a way that leads to collective organizational success. .

Mirror for Man - Understanding the Definition of Culture :: Mirror for Man Essays

Mirror for Man: Understanding the Definition of Culture In Clyde Kluckhohn's passage, adapted from his book, Mirror for Man, we are given an illumination of anthropology on the concept of culture. He explains that culture is not only derived by "the way we are brought up," but also personal past experiences and the biological properties of the people concerned. As humans we have learned to adapt to our own personal surroundings and have conditioned ourselves and our life styles to revolve around such surroundings by the most comfortable means possible. As Kluckhohn describes, the technical term of culture has a broader meaning to the anthropologist than the "humble cooking pot", and the "people of culture." He implies that the anthropologist needs to be concerned with all aspects and biological conditions involved that have shaped a society. Humans can be easily understood just by studying their surroundings, and as Kluckhohn has stated, "they can also be easily predicted by knowing a people's design for living." Kluckhohn describes, that as Americans, we strive for our own personal individuality and appearance; but yet as Americans, or for that matter any nationality, we still basically follow the same given patterns throughout the day. We have conditioned ourselves to such an extent, that our personal routines are done unconsciously. As a society, though, we reflect that given pattern, and when comparing it to another society, we are able to see how the cultures are individual and unique from one another. Such uniqueness is what Kluckhohn is refering to; the American plural wives belief of Siberia compared to the single wife in America, the cultural training and mannerism of the Chinese, and the eating mannerisms of a wife in Arizona. Basically, all of these cultures live under the same laws of nature, and are equiped with the same biological tools. Their uniqueness arises from the individual conditions that their surroundings offer, and their means by which of adapting to them. Having lived in London last year, for my junior year, I am able to relate to the viewpoints of Kluckhohn; as I traveled to many places dripping with their own uniqueness and culture. In London, I experienced the afternoon tea break and although not conforming to it, the societies acceptance of bathing only a few times a week. In Holland, I depended on bicycles as my main source of transportation for miles around, and viewed the old windmills and thatched roofs that are so typical in the country.

Administration of a Staffing System

The type of staffing organization can vary greatly from one company to another. How the staffing function is structured depends on the company's size, type, strategy, budget, and staffing needs. In small organizations, all staffing may be handled by the owner or general manager. In mid-sized organizations, one or more HR generalists may be responsible for handling staffing along with a variety of HR duties. In large organizations, complex staffing departments with dedicated professionals may be created to handle extensive staffing needs. Other key decisions include the option of having a centralized or decentralized staffing function (discussed previously in this course) or whether to outsource some or all staffing functions. The establishment of written policies and procedures to manage the staffing system is extremely important in the process. Established guidelines help to keep the staffing system operating according to the staffing strategy. When there are clear, consistent policies and procedures to follow, the intent of the staffing function is clear. This keeps everyone playing by the same rules with the same focus in mind. The selection, implementation, and administration of staffing system technology is another important aspect. There are many types of technology available to help make the staffing function more efficient and effective. The careful consideration of staffing related technology can help ease the administrative burden of this HR function. The decision to outsource some or all staffing functions, and the management of the outsourced functions is a key factor in staffing. Outsourcing some or all staffing related functions may be appropriate for some organizations. It can be a good business decision, but must be managed properly to ensure that the goals of the organization are met and the quality of staffing is maintained. Recordkeeping and reporting, auditing, addressing privacy and other legal concerns regarding staffing is important. One of the most overlooked, but most important, areas within staffing involves proper and efficient recordkeeping and reporting of activities.

Business Structure and Design on Joe Coulombe’s Essay

Trader Joe’s is an upscale specialty supermarket chain by Joe Coulombe, the very first step they took is very difficult as it is something that he had not done before. But Joe Coulombe led this organization to overcome this by his smart policies and approach through organization design. He has access to both inside and outside the company by adding new items to the supermarket to increase choices for customers to shop at Trader Joe’s,the items that he brought were luxury items like California wines and gourmet foods. Besides luxury items, there are items for customer’s daily consumption, such as bread, cheese, fruit and vegetables are now available as well. The supermarket products have helped customers increase the chain in high-end supermarket. Moreover, Joe Coulombe also focuses on the internal change by the division of the company for employees in each store, it’s like a subsidiary of a group because it makes his supermarket much closer from sales staffs to management staffs. However, not being strictly control by a monitor for each sales staff, but instead Joe Coulombe has assigned the responsibility for their sales department and he wants them to make their own decisions and provide personal customer service towards their customers. Moreover, not only each store has its own monitoring system by their company, this will take a lot of time in the management and staff as each store’s will be monitored. . The decentralization will enable companies to closely manage the work and customer service at each store and that would be the right policy in order to improve customer service as well as personal sales at the stores. Joe Coulombe also pays great attention to the responsibility of every employees, he changes it, and in stark contrast with how to manage employees at other companies that he have allowed employees in each store to make their own decisions for personal customer service without the consent of the managers, it helps their employees develop the full capacity of themselves and to see if they are capable to perform and it helps the employee’s to improve relationship with the customers significantly. This is the reason that the customer would come back to the store again cause of their good customer service. Joe Coulombe is very good with finding the niche market and knowing his target audience well, that’s how his company succeed and with knowing that, he had tried many ways to encourage his customers to visit his stores offering them gourmet products. Q2: Trader Joe’s Specific Decisions Organization structure and culture of each company are almost identical but for Trader Joe’s of Joe Coulombe is different. Joe goes with the a set of rules inherent when an organization begins operations, that is by having authority to change the sales departments. Most of the customer service must be gone through with a supervisor before making a service to customers but at Trader Joe’s, employees of the sales department is autonomy for their decisions and provide services customer before via the supervisor. This makes the service to their customers better by the ability of the sales department is fully released without incurring any obligation and something special when that Joe Coulombe do so with the department sales, he has made employees feel Trader Joe’s is a part of them so as to improve work efficiency compared to the norm. He attaches importance to developing relations between the individual and the customer in the form of patrons because they are the ones who often buys from the store and will get much better customer service, and it is also to influence other customers to make customers familiar with his store. Joe Coulombe focused on his employees and his shop was created with the different environment in which employees are treated as individuals and their supervisors are considered to be captains. Uniformed employees are suitable for each store environment of each other that makes sense for customers when they come to each supermarket store. Besides, Joe Coulombe also is interested in salary and bonus for each department from the sales staff to the supervisor, and most of the wages for each employee here are higher than the others at the other supermarkets. Moreover, not only with a high salary bonus, Trader Joe is also very generous and employees can be paid with a bonus of more than $ 100,000 a year. Joe Coulombe trained his employees very well, he influence by the way of controlling sales people. Training includes skills, communication, teamwork, leadership, and product knowledge. He set a rule that the highest performing sales person could rise to become store captains and beyond in the organization. And he knows that he needs to treat sales people fairly. The ability to influence, the commitment to team work and an elevated level of achievement orientation of sales people were reported. Crew members indicate that they felt empowered to made decisions and they collaborate their relationship with other crew members and customers. Q3: How Trader Joe is Performing Today & Problems that Trader Joe faces as it grows Trader Joe’s is a retailer brand that was founded in 1960’s. In the early year of its business, it runs as a dime store. During the competition with the famous 7-11, it changed its business strategies and started to offer some up-market products, such as wine, beverage and delicacies like bread, cookie, fruits and vegetables. After its first step of transition, Trader Joe’s suddenly changed its identity and became a supermarket chain brand. At the same time, Trader Joe’s pay lots of concentration on upgrading its customer services in order to attract more customers to come to the supermarket and do some purchase. Today, Trader Joe’s has supermarkets over than 360 locations, grossed over than 80 billion dollars. Trader Joe’s has 4 obvious operational features: offering low fat products, up-market meals, advanced customer services and highly integrate with the community and contributing a lot to the community. First of all, as the raise of living standard, more and more customers start to pursue high quality products. Trader Joe’s supply foods focus on strong nutrition and balanced diet. They also print some health diet guide to teach their customer how to live healthier, shows the norm of mineral, vitamin etc. Secondly, up-market meals supply is also a service, which has been highlighted as Trader’s special offer. They offer two different kinds of meals-What’s Cooking and Top Recipes. For What’s Cooking, they separate it into 5 sorts: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Dessert and Snack. Their reasonable flow of service system made customers choose what they want easily. However, on the contrary, Top Recipes lists the top products that customers like. What Trader Joe’s offer to their customers are not only slap-up diets, but also their high quality, special, fresh service, matching the current trend of diet as well. Thirdly, Trader Joe’s emphasize the concept of the personalized service. Fresh things always attractive, Trader Joe’s set different theme inside the store, make sells interesting. Like the Hawaii style, assistances wearing the Hawaii traditional cloth, the manager been called captain at that period of time, even the store decoration using Hawaii beach style. Sales assistants help in offering the sample beverage and foods for foretaste and doing interaction with customers. This way, employer gave a strongly believe to employees and give them more space to communicate with customers in their own magic ways. Lastly, Trader Joe’s did a great support to the community. Retail industry is a business that provides products, services and building the selling stage. A good public face can strongly enhance its fame. In 2010, Trader Joe’s donated over 2500 pounds foods to those who needs help. It almost equals to 656 chucks food or 2000 over meals. Every Trader Joe’s store has a donation coordinator who takes charge of donating foods to the community where they are every day. Trader Joe’s faced some problem during its long development history. The most obvious one is when the administration board thought about how to spread Trader Joe’s store successfully into different areas. The research group is looking for a low price rent. A well place and a proper price would be concerned as two important factors. In addition, because Trader Joe’s run a high price high quality store, a fit customer base is also important. Nowadays, Trader Joe’s is pushing forward an international expansion. In United States, Trader Joe’s have had an unprecedented pressure. Tesco- a British 900-billion dollars chain store landed Los Angela’s, San Diego, Las Vegas trying to bite the same cake with Trader Joe’s. It is a big threatens to Trader Joe’s. As result, it is quite urgent for Trader Joe’s to establish the overseas market. NUS Introduction The NUS Business School is a leading business school in the Asia-Pacific region. According to the 2012 QS Global 200 Business School Report, NUS Business school was listed as the third best school in the Asia- Pacific region. NUS Business School has also consistently been named by prominent press sources like The Financial Times, Economist Intelligence Unit, and QS Top MBA, in recognition of the quality of its programmes, faculty research and graduates. In 2013, NUS MBA was ranked 36th in the world by The Financial Times. Besides its prestigious branding, the school has been able to produce more than 27000 outstanding graduates since 1966. Today, NUS continues to attract talents into a diverse range of academic programmes including the BBA, MBA, Executive MBA, MSc and PhD programmes. Each year, thousands of applicants locally and foreign vie for the limited positions in the institution and the entry grade has consistently been high. The NUS Business School also has a varied and vibra nt Student Exchange Program. The partner universities include New York University, University of British Columbia, Copenhagen Business School, Manchester Business School, Peking University and University of Melbourne. Organization: As a leading global university, NUS strives to have world-class faculty in strategic academic areas, as well as special expertise in relation to China, India, and other parts of Asia. The faculty in NUS are drawn from Singapore and the best centres around the world. NUS Enterprise was established as a University-level cluster to provide an enterprise dimension to NUS teaching and research involving the University’s students, staff and alumni. The functions of the Enterprise Cluster complement the academic cluster of the University to nurture talents with an entrepreneurial and global mindset. NUS Enterprise, promotes the spirit of innovation and enterprise through Experiential Education, Industry Engagement and Partnerships and Entrepreneurship Support. NUS Enterprise (ETP) provides an entrepreneurial and innovative dimension to the University’s core research and educational activities. By igniting the entrepreneurial spirit, partnering for success and nurturing future entrepreneurial leaders, NUS Enterprise aims to make a positive impact on Singapore’s economy and beyond. This is done through three key thrusts: Experiential Education, Industry Engagement & Partnerships, and Entrepreneurship Support. Structure Impact of technology The importance of technology in education cannot be stressed enough. The introduction of technology in the educational field has made the process of learning and knowledge sharing, a more interactive and pleasurable experience. Perhaps, the greatest impact of technology on education is the change in perspective. The paradigm shift in thinking from local to global can be attributed to technology. Indeed technology is one of God’s greatest gifts to mankind. Technology’s Impact on Education Easy access to information Greater interest in learning Increased retention of information Robust information storage Better presentation of information Teaching made interactive Knowledge sharing made easy Technology has revolutionized the field of education. The importance of technology in schools cannot be ignored. In fact, with the onset of computers in education, it has become easier for teachers to impart knowledge and for students to acquire it. Technology is a teaching aid Computers offer an interactive audio-visual medium. PowerPoint presentations and animation software can be used to present information in an interactive way. Owing to the audio-visual effects, this way of teaching invites greater interest from students. The method is equally helpful for teachers. Projectors and screens facilitate simultaneous viewing of information by a large number of students. Addressing systems using microphones and speakers make it possible for teachers to reach a larger number of students simultaneously. These teaching aids have led to improvements in student attendance and their attentiveness in class. Interactive media have proven to be useful in increasing students’ concentration levels. Research If a school’s library is outdated or lacking in a selection of titles, a student might find it difficult to compile the necessary research for an essay or research paper. As long as the school has a computer lab, students are able to use the Internet and digital encyclopedias to obtain the research they need. While students should be wary of the legitimacy of some of the content they read online, many schools use software like the Encyclopedia Britannica to help students do research. Information is easily accessible The Internet is a huge information base. It can be used an effective tool for acquiring knowledge. All a web user needs to do is to key in queries to search engines. Users are presented with thousands of search results. There are several websites and web directories that offer information on literally everything in the world. And all this is just a few clicks away. Technology has eliminated space and time constraints Online education and distance learning have given a new dimension to education and higher learning. Even if students are geographically far away from each other, they can be a part of one classroom. Though not physically but virtually, they can. Many educational institutes offer online courses, which eliminates time and space constraints in acquiring education. Universities offer online educational programs wherein students can interact with their teachers over the Internet, access reference material from the University website and earn degrees online. The Race Will Be On For A New Instructional Model. As lecture content is moved online, instructors will be able to re-think the classroom experience. A new model for peer-to-peer and peer-to-faculty interaction will need to be created, as this is one of the most fundamental components of classroom learning. There is a huge opportunity for instructors to create a more in-depth learning experience, whether by incorporating real-time discussions with industry experts or building small group experiences online, all of which may allow for more personalization of courses to students’ needs. The beauty of teaching analytics is that teachers will have real time information on how students learn and can augment future plans accordingly. While this is a budding area of exploration and one where schools will need to invest in discovery, once they ‘crack the code’, it opens the door to a much more effective as well as potentially more scalable model. Mutual impact Today, computer education is a part of school and college curricula. Considering the wide range of applications of computer technology, it is necessary for each one of us to computer-friendly. Considering the advantages of Internet technology, it is important for each of us to gain basic knowledge of Internet access and web research. We live in a technology-age and hence, it is important for us to be abreast with the latest inventions in the field. With education, we acquire knowledge of the functioning and use of different pieces of technology. And with the application of technology, we can educate ourselves better. Web Seminars Not every school has the resources and budget to send its students on field trips related to the course of study. When this is the case, the students’ education can suffer. But thanks to technology, students can use the Internet to virtually attend Web seminars put on by museums and other educational institutions. NASA, for instance, offers a program that allows students to talk to astronauts in space. Recommendation NUS business school is a premier choice for business students looking for a grounded, well established institution to pursue their studies with. The school is well accredited and employers are no stranger to the household name. Prospective job seekers will be able to distinguish themselves with the good branding of NUS business school. In terms of the course structure, NUS business school provides a good collaboration with the 12 other faculties in NUS to provide a holistic education. Students are able to take electives ranging from chemistry, psychology and even theatre studies if they have a keen interest. The core subjects are taught by faulty alumni PHDs and experienced professors who have a wealth of knowledge to share. The subjects are well structured to equip students with skills that will benefit them a lifetime as well as invaluable knowledge that will prove useful on the business field. Furthermore, the ever growing NUS alumni serve as a good network for graduates to seek o ut good friendship, employment opportunities as well as support. Students will be able to interact with alumni members who may be invited back for guest talks and seminars. Conclusion NUS business school is a good choice for prospective students seeking out an education in business. The good accreditation, intricate and comprehensive course material as well as established lecturers providing the education are compelling reasons to make NUS business school the choice as an educator. Graduates from the course have been able to find employment in a wide variety of fields both locally and overseas, and this information has been consistent throughout the years from the employment surveys collated from graduates. As a provider of quality education and producer of all rounded graduates, the results and reputation speak for itself. References https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlxJmnnuE0WR23TVKEhyphenhyphenPkIewaOn8BQtr3s7_p7-PhC1CIYpYQGyuW7ttgXvTzRGWW7uAliTqs3k_z5_v90OQH2yd5NqoPw2uJnmB7WFiNfPKuGZIMyHsU1H50d-xz7I7USfCxqOke0H4/s1600/nus_logo.jpg – NUS Logo http://www.traderjoes.com/index.asp Accessed on 10 June 2013 MARK MALLINGER, PHD and GERRY ROSSY, (2007, Volume 10 issue 2) http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/the-trader-joes-experience/ Accessed on 10 June 2013 http://www.nus.edu.sg/uci/about/OrgStructure.htm – The NUS organization structure http://www.buzzle.com/articles/impact-of-technology-on-education.html – The impact of Technology on education http://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2012/12/11/5-ways-technology-will-impact-higher-ed-in-2013/ – The impact of Technology on education

Enargia Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Enargia Definition and Examples in Rhetoric An enargia is a  rhetorical term for a visually powerful description that vividly recreates something or someone in words. According to Richard Lanham, the broader term energia (energetic expression) came early to overlap with enargia. . . . Perhaps it would make sense to use enargia as the basic umbrella term for the various special terms for vigorous ocular demonstration, and energia as a more general term for vigor and verve, of whatever sort, in expression. (A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 1991). Example from  The Building in the Text George Puttenham [in The Arte of English Poesie] explains enargia as the glorious luster and light uniting the outward shew and the inward working of figurative language..., whereas Torquanto Tasso [in Discourses on the Art of Poetry] emphasizes the visibility implied by enargia.(Roy T. Eriksen, The Building in the Text. Penn State Press, 2001) Iagos Enargia in Shakespeares Othello What shall I say? Wheres satisfaction?It is impossible you should see this,Were they as prime as goats, as hot as monkeys,As salt as wolves in pride, and fools as grossAs ignorance made drunk. But yet, I say,If imputation and strong circumstances,Which lead directly to the door of truth,Will give you satisfaction, you may havet. . . .I do not like the office:But, sith I am enterd in this cause so far,Prickd tot by foolish honesty and love,I will go on. I lay with Cassio lately;And, being troubled with a raging tooth,I could not sleep.There are a kind of men so loose of soul,That in their sleeps will mutter their affairs:One of this kind is Cassio:In sleep I heard him say Sweet Desdemona,Let us be wary, let us hide our loves;And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand,Cry O sweet creature! and then kiss me hard,As if he pluckd up kisses by the rootsThat grew upon my lips: then laid his legOver my thigh, and sighd, and kissd; and thenCried Cursed fate that gave thee to the Moor!(Ia go in Act 3, scene 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare)When [Othello] threatens to turn his fury against Iago, as he spasmodically doubts his own torrents of doubt, Iago now lets loose upon the audience Shakespeares best rhetoric of enargia, in bringing the particulars of infidelity before Othellos, and thus the audiences, very eyes, first obliquely, then finally by his lie that implicates Desdemona in the lascivious movements and treacherous mutterings attributed to Cassio in his sleep.(Kenneth Burke, Othello: An Essay to Illustrate a Method. Essays Toward a Symbolic of Motives, 1950-1955, ed. by William H. Rueckert. Parlor Press, 2007) John Updikes Description In our kitchen, he would bolt his orange juice (squeezed on one of those ribbed glass sombreros and then poured off through a strainer) and grab a bite of toast (the toaster a simple tin box, a kind of little hut with slit and slanted sides, that rested over a gas burner and browned one side of the bread, in stripes, at a time), and then he would dash, so hurriedly that his necktie flew back over his shoulder, down through our yard, past the grapevines hung with buzzing Japanese-beetle traps, to the yellow brick building, with its tall smokestack and wide playing fields, where he taught.(John Updike, My Father on the Verge of Disgrace. Licks of Love: Short Stories and a Sequel, 2000) Gretel Ehrlichs Description Mornings, a transparent pane of ice lies over the meltwater. I peer through and see some kind of waterbug-perhaps a leech-paddling like a sea turtle between green ladders of lakeweed. Cattails and sweetgrass from the previous summer are bone dry, marked with black mold spots, and bend like elbows into the ice. They are swords that cut away the hard tenancy of winter. At the wide end a mat of dead waterplants has rolled back into a thick, impregnable breakwater. Near it, bubbles trapped under the ice are lenses focused straight up to catch the coming season.(Gretel Ehrlich, Spring. Antaeus, 1986) Etymology:From the Greek, visible, palpable, manifest Pronunciation: en-AR-gee-a Also Known As: enargeia, evidentia, hypotyposis, diatyposis

Water Conservation Satire Essay Example

Water Conservation Satire Essay Example Water Conservation Satire Essay Water Conservation Satire Essay There has been a severe drought that plagues the Social region and much of the entire state of California. Water prices have increased to unforeseen highs and the government unsuccessfully attempted to regulate the frequency at which our sprinklers feed our thirsty vegetation. Would like to offer a more effective solution to this problem, because the key to water conservation is starting at home. Men, women, children, and even pets (which we will not account for, even though bathing animals exacerbates the problem) all require frequent thing, which is the sole contributor to our drought. Men tend to take quicker showers, approximately ten minutes each, while women and children can last for up to fifteen minutes or longer per shower. Considering the average five minute shower requires twenty five gallons Of water, and each human showers once a day, an average family of four, consisting of a man, a woman, and two children, will consume 50+xx=275 gallons of water per day. Only about ten cups of water are necessary to satisfy daily drinking requirements per person, and the amount of water used in showers that day s more than 100 times that. I propose that we stop showering altogether. This would save an incredible amount of water that could be put to much better use. According to my calculations, we will even enter an era of water surplus, in which we can sell the excess water to other areas that need it, and bolster our local economies in the process. Eventually people in other drought-stricken areas will learn from us and cease to continue such wasteful bathing habits. Some might worry about body odors that might arise after prolonged roods away from the shower. However, water conservation is a greater issue with a greater need of solving, and therefore should hold the utmost pertinence. Body odor can easily be solved with the increased application of sanitary products, such as deodorant or wipes. The views and smells of society will change. Those with the greasiest hair and smelliest armpits will be the champions of society, for they have demonstrated their unbeatable passion for resolving detrimental issues. They will be respected and honored as heroes.

The Freedom Charter Called for Equality in South Africa

The Freedom Charter Called for Equality in South Africa The Freedom Charter was a document ratified at the Congress of the People held at Kliptown, Soweto, South Africa in June 1955 by the various member bodies of the  Congress Alliance. The policies set out in the Charter included a demand for a multi-racial, democratically elected government, equal opportunities, the nationalization of banks, mines, and heavy industries, and a redistribution of land. Africanist members of the ANC rejected the Freedom Charter and broke away to form the Pan Africanist Congress. In 1956, following extensive searches of various homes and confiscation of documents, 156 people involved in the creation and ratification of the Freedom Charter were arrested for treason.  This was almost the entire executive of the African National Congress (ANC), Congress of Democrats, South African Indian Congress, Coloured Peoples Congress, and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (collectively known as the Congress Alliance). They were charged with high treason and a countrywide conspiracy to use violence to overthrow the present government and replace it with a communist state. The punishment for high treason was death. The Freedom Charter and Clauses We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people. -The Freedom Charter Here is a synopsis of each of the clauses, which list various rights and stances in detail. The People Shall Govern: This point included universal voting rights and the rights to run for office and serve on governing boards regardless of race, color, and sex.All National Groups Shall Have Equal Rights: Apartheid laws will be set aside, and all groups will be able to use their own language and customs without discrimination.The People Shall Share in the Countrys Wealth: Minerals, banks, and monopoly industries would become government-owned for the good of the people. All would be free to ply any trade or profession, but industry and trade would be controlled for the well-being of the whole people.  The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It: There will be land redistribution with assistance to peasants to farm it and an end to racial restrictions on ownership and freedom of movement.  All Shall Be Equal Before the Law: This gives people rights to a fair trial, representative courts, fair imprisonment, as well as integrated law enforcement and military. There will b e no discrimination by law for race, color, or beliefs. All Shall Enjoy Equal Human Rights: People are granted the freedom of speech, assembly, the press, religion, and education. This addresses protection from police raids, freedom to travel, and abolishment of pass laws.There Shall Be Work and Security: There will be equal pay for equal work for all races and genders. People have the right to form unions. There were workplace rules adopted including a 40-hour work week, unemployment benefits, minimum wage, and leave. This clause eliminated child labor and other abusive forms of labor.The Doors of Learning and Culture Shall Be Opened: This clause addresses free  education, access to higher education, ending adult illiteracy, promoting culture, and ending cultural color bans.There Shall Be Houses,  Security  and Comfort: This gives the  right to decent, affordable housing, free medical care and preventive health, care of the aged, orphans, and disabled.Rest, Leisure and Recreation Shall Be the Right of All.There Shall Be Peace and Friendship: This clause says we should strive for world peace by negotiation and recognition of rights to self-government. The Treason Trial At the treason trial in August, 1958, the prosecution attempted to show that the Freedom Charter was a Communist tract and that the only way it could be achieved was by overthrowing the present government.  However, the Crowns expert witness on Communism admitted that the Charter was a humanitarian document that might well represent the natural reaction and aspirations of non-whites to the harsh conditions in South Africa. The main piece of evidence against the accused was a recording of a speech made by Robert Resha, the  Trasvaal  Volunteer-in-Chief, which appeared to say that volunteers should be violent when called upon to use violence. During the  defense,  it was shown that Reshas viewpoints were the exception rather than the rule in the  ANC and that the short quote had been taken completely out of context. The Outcome of the Treason Trial Within a week of the trail starting, one of the two charges under the Suppression of Communism Act was dropped. Two months later the Crown announced that the whole indictment was being dropped, only to issue  a new  indictment against 30 people- all members of the ANC. Chief Albert Luthuli and Oliver Tambo were released for lack of evidence. Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu (ANC secretary-general) were among the final 30 accused. On March 29, 1961, Justice FL Rumpff interrupted the defense summation with a verdict. He announced that although the ANC was working to replace the government and had used illegal means of protest during the Defiance Campaign, the Crown had failed to show that the ANC was using violence to overthrow the government, and  were therefore  not guilty  of treason. The Crown had failed to establish any revolutionary intent behind the defendants actions. Having been found non-guilty, the remaining 30 accused were discharged. The Ramifications of the Treason Trial The Treason Trial was a serious blow to the ANC and the other members of the Congress Alliance. Their leadership was imprisoned or banned and considerable costs were incurred. Most significantly, the more radical members of the ANCs Youth League rebelled against the ANC interaction with other  races  and left to form the PAC. Nelson Mandela, Walter  Sisulu,  and six others were eventually given a life sentence for treason in 1964 at what is known as the Rivonia Trial.

Characteristics of the Modern Bureaucracy Coursework

Characteristics of the Modern Bureaucracy - Coursework Example The administration includes all state functional organs, and it is quite significant influencing the vast portion of the society in the modern world (Scheidel, 2014). Bureaucracy has several roles in the public life since it keeps the government functional. It affects the implementation of law and policies made by elected officials within the government. It also provides the necessary administrative functions like collecting fees, issuing permits and licenses. Bureaucratic administration conducts government operations by regulating the various performances of state organs (Findly, 2014). Since the bureaucracy deals closely with the governmental issues, it would not be easier to hire and stop the civil servants according to their performance in their duties. It is mainly because the bureaucratic workers need specialized training, which cost the government a lot of money to sponsor and maintain. The high performing civil servants should get the merit-based compensation like their counterparts in the private sector since they have skills and experience to deliver well. The private sector consists of privately owned organizations that are not part of the government such as the non-profit and profit corporations. The public sector consists of government-owned institutions like the federal, provincial, state, or municipal governments. In the private sector, there is greater fluidity in job changing and flexibility in pay rise than in the public sector that is its importance over the public sector (Eyben & Moncrieffe,

Equal and Superior Services of Restaurants Research Paper

Equal and Superior Services of Restaurants - Research Paper Example This concept of equality and superiority can easily be understood by the example of restaurants. Most of these restaurants are providing services but very few of them are capable of providing superior services with equality. People visiting restaurants are from diverse environment settings and have dissimilar needs. Thus a restaurants need to achieve the status of being superior by providing equality in outcomes of experiences of different individuals. Like:Ambiance/ decoration: People who wants to dine out definitely requires something especial to feel and eat. Efforts should be made to impress the customers by providing them relax and pleasant environment. Furnishing should be comfortable yet functional.Waiting Staff: Few things that make the first impression about the restaurant, waiters/waitresses are among them. Hiring trained staff proved to be the backbone of the restaurant business. Customers expect friendly, polite and professional treatment from the waiting staff. Healthy F ood: If customers have caloric information of the meals on the menu card or on request, it will be an additional service on behalf of the restaurant. Trying to have variety and creativity in the recipes of meal prevent customers to feel boredom from same kind of menu. Use of Advance Equipments and Technology: Restaurants should accept the credit cards to provide ease to the customer in payments. In addition, restaurants should have their own website in order to display their latest packages, new recipes.

An arguementative paper on home schooling vs. public school Essay

An arguementative paper on home schooling vs. public school - Essay Example Various forms of bullying that include but are not limited to physical abuse, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, hitting, punching, kicking, threatening, and seducing have become frequent in schools these days. This leads us to the question: Is home schooling better than public schooling? Owing to the widespread violence in schools, home schooling should be preferred over public school. Home schooling is much better option than public schooling because of a number of reasons. In the home, children are not exposed to racism of any sort. In the educational environment of public schools, children have to be in the company of racist fellows on daily basis. In the environment of a home, a child studies in the atmosphere created by his parents. He/she feels protected and is better able to concentrate upon the studies. Quite often, one or both parents are educated enough to teach the children themselves. In cases where the parents are not educated enough, tutors can be arranged very easily. A lot of educated people look forward to such opportunities because of unemployment. In addition to that, such platforms as internet have become a potential means of education in the present age. A lot of informative videos are available online and the child is just a click away from education.

Behavioural Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Behavioural Finance - Essay Example It is very clear that some of the participants in the market do not make rational decisions which translate to mistakes. However, astute market players get the chance to capitalize on such mistakes. For instance, a rational investor can take the decision to buy when there is market crash resulting from speculative behavior (Mussweiller & Schneller, 2003, p. 124). Given a risk-adjusted basis, rational investors can beat market performance in a consistent manner. According to the perfect market hypothesis, prices reflect the full information about the market. This has the implication that an investor cannot beat the market unless he or she has inside information. A number of indices have been created with the aim of mimicking market performance. Research studies indicate that index funds account for almost 10 percent of the U.S. stock market capitalization and 60 percent of the money flowing into mutual funds. Despite the increasing euphoria towards passive management, there is active management which has enabled investors beat market bearing returns. Behavioral finance insists that investors are irrational in their decisions and that it is easy to partly predict future performance of stocks using their past performance. Careful analysis of the past trends of the tocks has the advantage of making it possible to outperform the market (Mulino, Scheelings, Brooks & Faff, 2009, p. 50). Rational investors can outperform because there exists inefficiencies in the capital market which create investment opportunities. Rational investors outperform the market because irrational investors often find themselves in the bottom part of the distribution pattern. There is some level of disconnection between stock performance and stock market valuation. The existence of irrational investors has resulted in the markets being driven by emotions rather than logic (Dreman, Johnson, MacGregor & Slovic, 2001, p. 127). However, research studies indicate that logic often triumphs over em otions. Irrational investors tend to lose while logic investors record gains. Most of the investors in the market do not bother to look at the fine details of their investment portfolios. Instead they look for information such as who are investing in the same portfolio and this has the negative effect of encouraging wrong decisions. There are a number of situations that a rational investor can exploit and record superior performance that the market. Theoretically, this is possible even though no investor has ever recorded consistent returns above market expectations (Statman, Fisher & Anginer, 2008). First, a rational investor can do a comprehensive homework and identify small cap stocks that in most cases are not well followed. Such stocks are often ignored by equity funds because of the fear of high risks associated with small companies. Furthermore, such companies are not well known in Wall Street and this makes it possible for most of the investors to ignore them (Caginalp, 2002 , p. 73). A rational investor can identify such companies and analyze their prospects for superior returns. The small cap firms have a potential of recording higher returns than the market because their true value has not been influenced by speculations. Second, the market sometimes overdoes its pessimism for a number of individual companies as well as certain sectors (Bruce, 2003, p. 125). The situation

Explains all that we have learned our class Essay

Explains all that we have learned our class - Essay Example At first, we understood the major importance of hospitality laws. The knowledge of hospitality laws isn’t just a piece of information, but it is an important part that professionals and students must know to avoid heavy fines, negative publicity, and lawsuits. All the managers, employees, and staff members must be aware of all these laws. We were taught in this semester that hospitality laws have a wide range of implications that must be known and followed in order to avoid breaking state and federal laws. book serves as a handbook for professionals and everyone in this business as the subject is well distributed in chapters and units, updated examples are given, and cases are explained that cover a wide range of possibilities. hospitality industry, the main importance is given to the safety of the customer. Food safety laws are essential and it is important to have the knowledge of how to store and clean food to keep the customers satisfied and safe. This would avoid fines and lawsuits. Safety laws can also include the fire safety laws where the hotels must meet the guidelines on fire safety. Such laws and the following of them enhance the public image of the business and increase the customer base. Customers also feel safe as they rest easy and have the trust that the hotel would protect them in cases of fire and provide hygienic clean food (Morris & Cournoyer 23). Hospitality laws also enable the businesses to protect their reputation. Some of the contemporary hospitality laws introduced in the textbook and in class are discriminatory laws, employment laws, and access to disabled patrons. There must be no discrimination against customers or employees on the basis of their race, religion, sex, disability, or age. This leads to a negative impression and negative public image. Managers and employers must also respect the workers despite their background and avoid discrimination at workplace of any kind. They are

Empires Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Empires - Assignment Example Without delving into the fact that the United States has a representative government, devoid of an emperor or empress, it should also be noticed that even though the United States has a few territorial holdings around the globe, these are negligible with regards to the overall population that they hold and/or the geographic importance that they denote. As such, it will be the express function of this brief analysis to present the rationale for why the United States, even though it oftentimes behaves as a traditional empire, does not fit this definition and must therefore be regarded as another entity entirely. Firstly, it must be understood that the United States within the current era and the United States over the past 120 years is quite a different issue entirely. One could easily argue that after the conclusion of the Spanish-American war, the United States was firmly in a position in which it could express a degree of Imperial control over the populations of distant places such as Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and various other holdings throughout the Caribbean. Interestingly, the United States soon divested themselves of these territories and only held on to a few scant islands within the Pacific and Puerto Rico. Further, with successful engagement in victory within the first and second world wars, the United States once again was faced with an option of retaining the territory that it had gained or allowing for a type of â€Å"new empire† to be evidenced. It is at this juncture that it should be understood that even though the United States is not ascribe to a traditional und erstanding of what â€Å"empire† necessarily at first, it most certainly has redefined the power dynamic and created a situation in which economic empire is a reality through which the United States has come to control commerce on a global level. For instance, many scholars have viewed the situation within Japan as key evidence with regards to the way in which the

Explains all that we have learned our class Essay

Explains all that we have learned our class - Essay Example At first, we understood the major importance of hospitality laws. The knowledge of hospitality laws isn’t just a piece of information, but it is an important part that professionals and students must know to avoid heavy fines, negative publicity, and lawsuits. All the managers, employees, and staff members must be aware of all these laws. We were taught in this semester that hospitality laws have a wide range of implications that must be known and followed in order to avoid breaking state and federal laws. book serves as a handbook for professionals and everyone in this business as the subject is well distributed in chapters and units, updated examples are given, and cases are explained that cover a wide range of possibilities. hospitality industry, the main importance is given to the safety of the customer. Food safety laws are essential and it is important to have the knowledge of how to store and clean food to keep the customers satisfied and safe. This would avoid fines and lawsuits. Safety laws can also include the fire safety laws where the hotels must meet the guidelines on fire safety. Such laws and the following of them enhance the public image of the business and increase the customer base. Customers also feel safe as they rest easy and have the trust that the hotel would protect them in cases of fire and provide hygienic clean food (Morris & Cournoyer 23). Hospitality laws also enable the businesses to protect their reputation. Some of the contemporary hospitality laws introduced in the textbook and in class are discriminatory laws, employment laws, and access to disabled patrons. There must be no discrimination against customers or employees on the basis of their race, religion, sex, disability, or age. This leads to a negative impression and negative public image. Managers and employers must also respect the workers despite their background and avoid discrimination at workplace of any kind. They are

Price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price elasticity of demand - Essay Example The resulting coefficient for such is greater than 1 (Ed > 1). In addition, the result of a decrease in the price of the good is also an increase in its total revenue, otherwise, a decrease in its total revenue. ("Price Elasticity") Therefore, an increase in the prices of apples in the market will give a corresponding decrease in the total revenue of the good. This only means that if the price of apples is increased, consumers may decide not to buy the good any longer. However, if the price of apples decreases, people will tend to buy more apples. It is also possible that the consumer will just try to find an alternative fruit instead that is cheaper than apples. On the other hand, if the change in quantity demanded of the product along with its price is less than 1 (Ed < 1), the product is said to be inelastic. In this condition, the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price. Unlike the elastic good, inelasticity means that a decrease in price will result in a decrease in total revenue and vice versa. ("Price Elasticity") Inelastic products are basically the products that belong to the basic needs of man. One example of an inelastic product would be the salt wherein even a large increase in its price, the demand would remain the same therefore there will be a relative increase in its total revenue.

Internet Advertising: Comparison of Nigeria and Hungary

Internet Advertising: Comparison of Nigeria and Hungary Abstract Despite the marginal difference between Nigeria and Hungary, the internet develops a relationship that can be exploited. Internet users of both countries are dominated by youths, and thus are the most accessible to internet ads. Internet advertising also termed online advertising or internet marketing or web advertising is simply the making available of advertising messages and marketing communication through the internet via the web. Internet advertising which was introduced several years after traditional advertising (banners) in the 1990s now suppresses all other advertising medias and hence constitutes a significant channel for the majority of firms. These firms range from small to big sizes, national and multinational, service providing to manufacturing enterprises (Restaurants to ship manufacturing agencies). Internet advertising now shares a position in the context of marketing communication strategy planning and implementation. It is vital for organizations considering internet marketing strategy to effectively associate each component reason being that, with the global market place, it is important for entrepreneurs and marketers to be critical of what is most beneficial and meets their needs to the internet marketing strategy intended for use. Byusing the standard advertising program process as a base,it is simple to outline the characteristics of the Internet which abusiness must take into consideration when planning a Web advertisingcampaign (Kotler, 1997). Without trying to dispute earlier findings in this thesis, the work presented attempts in it own way to highlight some comparative ideas of internet advertising between Nigeria and Hungary thus stating the aims of this paper based on internet users social context on the effectiveness of internet advertisement. By using primary material from books and other sources, the idea of internet advertisement is identified. And by considering other publication, some conclusions are generated for the better understanding of this piece. By examining the topic of this thesis, its extensive nature is revealed. Three fields of study are mentioned and are dealt with accordingly -Marketing, information technology, and advertisement (internet advertising). As broad as each of these could be, the presentation is quite short and straight to the most essential. The study depicts the differences in the attitude of internet users to ads. The analysis obtained from input sources reveal a significant relationship between the type of activities of users through which they come into contact with internet ads in each of the two countries (Nigeria and Hungary). 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of Study The growth in Internet Advertising has paved its way and settles comfortably in the global world of business due to internet innovations. Further more its effects, impact and usefulness can be observed social aspect of human activities thereby creating greater opportunities for a more developed and diversified recreation. The Internet or World Wide Web has quickly become the most effective way for businesses to advertise their products or services to expected consumers. Some Web sites such sell advertisement space for sponsoring and by so doing they profit highly from the increase of advertising on the Internet. The number of people with internet access and internet services is growing continuously at a geometric rate and with internet advertisement potential customers can view these advertisements thereby contributing to the maximum level of business profits. Recent studies on internet advertising focus more on empirical works as well as theoretical structures there by investigating the role of some factors in the success of internet advertising, none the less it is necessary to present some significant measures employed in this thesis to quantify advertising effectiveness. According to Pavlou and Steward (2000), advertisement has a direct effect to consumers and therefore considered as an independent variable while consumer response is the dependent variable. They further explain the nature of the highly interactive environments taking into account other factors such as online context in which advertisement takes place in order to render this study more insightful. Incorporated here are many aspects of internet advertisement context as types of internet activities and users social context in the study of responses to internet advertisement. Internet advertising is rapidly growing and advertisements have become more apparent in our Internet usage. When advertising on the Internet, both the businesses and the web sites (search engines) profits. Businesses profit from the use of internet advertising by minimizing cost compared to standard advertising which is a lot more expensive. Internet advertising raises awareness, conveys advertisers messages and enhances brand perceptions and with greater advertisement exposure inflicts even greater impact. Responds to this advertisement differs considerably by different individual in different Geographical locations and cultural background. An AdHoc study conducted by Gemius in cooperation with Sanoma Budapest proves that most Internet users in Hungary have a positive attitude towards online advertising. Moreover it shows what their behavior is like in response to online advertising and the perceived image of the advertised companies. The respondents were also evaluating different formats of advertisements in the survey, indicating the ones that they know best and the favorite ones. The research was conducted on the Internet in the form of a pop-up survey (random sampling) on May 2006. 67% of the respondents declared that they accept online advertisements as the price for free access to web sites. (International Operations Department, Press release June 30, 2006) Internet usage in Nigeria is an important issue with the average student using 10.5 hours per week and the total population averaging 3.5 hours per week. Internet usage in Nigeria has consistently grown to 11million internet users as of June 2009 according to the International Communication Union (ITU) report. Various types of broadband bring the internet to our door steps such as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), cable broadband, wireless, satellite, Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) etc With the accession of the internet, came an easier method of communication, transmission of information to the public and hence the rise of the internet advertisement. Advertising on the Internet can be viewed as a social contract between advertisers and Internet users. Every individual comes across advertising through multiple channels; either outdoor: through fliers, bill boards etc or indoor: through the internet, A reason why todays market is highly dominated by advertising. Based on the fact that we live in a globalized world, advertising is recognized in every country in its own structure with respect to its culture, consumer demand or requirements. 1.2 Aims and objectives This thesis outlines and compares how internet users in Nigeria and Hungary respond to internet advertisements with focus on the technical aspects, social networking and simple basic adverts in websites. In addition I am searching for various answers and perceptions of what people from these different countries think about these adverts and the effect it has on them in a cultural perspective considering the fact that both cultures are not only socially different but economical and educational as well. In the first part of this study, I am researching how technical aspects, such as social networking and website adverts in Nigeria and Hungary. It is followed by an evaluation of how Nigerians and Hungarians respond to internet in the second part. The third part focuses on a research for: the changes the internet brings in Nigeria and Hungary for example is the internet improving industries such as the banking sector or being an important educational tool for students? Is it the centre of attention for businesses? Finally, the fourth part is the conclusion drawn based on the findings of the aforementioned research. 2 Literature review Under the literature review, I will be considering a thorough review of the already existing literature on the subject of internet advertising which is highly important for the continual understanding of the sections in this thesis. Picking the pieces and fitting them together I will build a concrete piece on the above mentioned topic starting with defining the parts that make up our topic, considering the social and technical aspect of the internet, advertising and last but not the least marketing. 2.1 The internet The birth of the internet did not come as a surprise, may be to the common man in the streets but definitely not for the scientist who had been expecting something new, fresh, cheap and friendlier. It emerged in the early 1960s as a way for the US department of defense to create a secure means of communication in case of uncertainties. It evolved from Advance Research Agency (ARPA) in 1969 to ARPANET for the civilian sector and MILNET (military network) â€Å"(Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001)†. In the 1980s ARPANET was renamed National science Foundation Network (NSFNET). The progress of this development proceeded in 1989 with the creation of a more efficient way of sharing information by defining the Hypermedia Protocol (HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which is the standard addressing format URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and the programming language HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) which has become the basis of World Wide Web (WWW) which is universal and the most used part of the internet to access multimedia e.g. text documents, graphics, videos etc â€Å"(Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001)†. In 1993, a team led by Marc Anderson developed a new piece of software called â€Å"Mosaic† as the first internet browser after which other browsers were introduced, like internet explorer by Microsoft which became the most prominent â€Å"(Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001)†. After these developments, todays internet has not only brought technology but also affects the way things are done world wide. It is continuously changing to the extent that it has taken almost all diversification and stems all changes in world business, revolutionarising the way business is done, the concepts between business and consumers. 2.2 Overview of the general background of advertising Advertising is a collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific products or services. It is a form of mass selling, employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient. Advertising techniques range in complexity from the publishing of simple notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to integrated marketing communications, involving the concerted use of advertising in newspapers, magazines, television, and radio, and on the internet which is our main focus. Advertising dates back to the Christian era. Advertisements transited from the outdoor signs as paintings on wall of buildings that were very sight captivating to company trade marks which were two or three dimensional picture or signs in the 16th centuries. Around the 1880s, there came Mail orders and pamphlets and in late19th century, many American firms began to market packaged goods under brandnames. Previously consumers had not been aware of or influenced by brand names. The first product that had brand name was soap products. In the 1880s a fewbrands came out and they were Ivory, Pears, Sapolio, Colgate, Kirks AmericanFamily and Packers. Not long after brands such as Royal baking powder, Quakeroats, Bakers chocolate, Hires root beer, regal shoes, etc were nationally advertised. 2.2.1 Stages of advertisement The major goal of advertising is to generate awareness of a business and its products. Once the business reputation is established and its products are positioned within the market, the amount of resources used for advertising will decrease as the consumer develops a kind of loyalty to the product. Targeting the audience, product concept, communication media, and advertising message are the core elements of an advertising strategy, and are often referred to as the creative mix. Again, what most advertisers stress from the beginning is clear planning and flexibility. And key to these aims is creativity, and the ability to adapt to new market trends. Target consumer is a complex combination of persons. It includes the person who ultimately buys the product, as well as those who decide what product will be bought (but dont physically buy it), and those who influence product purchases, such as children, spouse, and friends. In order to identify the target consumer, the following should be considered; Demographics(Age, gender, job, income, ethnicity, and hobbies.), Behaviors (awareness of the business and its competition, the type of vendors and services the consumer uses, and the types of appeals that are likely to convince the consumer to give the advertisers product or service a chance.), Needs and Desires (determine consumer needs in practical and self-image terms.) The product concept grows out of the guidelines established in the positioning statement. How the product is positioned within the market will dictate the kind of values the product represents, and thus how the target consumer will receive that product. Therefore, it is important to remember that no product is just itself, but, as Courtland L. Bovee and William F. Arens stated in Contemporary Advertising, a bundle of values that the consumer needs to be able to identify with. Whether couched in presentations that emphasize sex, humor, romance, science, masculinity, or femininity, the consumer must be able to believe in the products representation. The communication media is the means by which the advertising message is transmitted to the consumer. In addition to marketing objectives and budgetary restraints, the characteristics of the target consumer need to be considered as an advertiser decides what media to use. Advertisers can choose from the following media categories such as Print, Video, World Wide Web, Direct mail, outdoor advertising-Billboards, advertisements on public transportation (cabs, buses). After deciding on the medium that is 1) financially in reach and 2) most likely to reach the target audience, an advertiser needs to schedule the broadcasting of that advertising. The media schedule, as defined by Hills, is the combination of specific times (for example, by day, week, and month) when advertisements are inserted into media vehicles and delivered to target audiences. An advertising message is guided by the advertising or copy platform, which is a combination of the marketing objectives, copy, art, and production values. This combination is best realized after the target consumer has been analyzed, the product concept has been established, and the media and vehicles have been chosen. At this point, the advertising message can be directed at a very concrete audience to achieve very specific goals. Hiam and Schewe listed three major areas that an advertiser should consider when endeavoring to develop an effective advertising platform: the unique features of the products, how consumers will evaluate the product, rank of competitors in the eyes of the consumer, their weaknesses in their positions and their strengths. Copy: When composing advertising copy, it is crucial to remember that the primary aim is to communicate information about the business and its products and services. Many companies utilize a theme or a slogan as the center piece of such efforts, emphasizing major attributes of the businesss products or services in the process. But as Hiam and Schewe caution, while something must be used to animate the theme †¦care must be taken not to lose the underlying message in the pursuit of memorable advertising. Art work and layout: Small business owners also need to consider the visual rhetoric of the advertisement, which simply means that the entire advertisement, including blank space, should have meaning and logic. Most industry experts recommend that advertisers use short paragraphs, lists, and catchy illustrations and graphics to break up and supplement the text and make the document both visually inviting and easy to understand. Remember, an advertisement has to capture the readers attention quickly. 2.2.2 Internet advertising Internet advertising is a message delivered to people by placing adverts on Search engines, Social networking websites such as Facebook, e-mails, pop ups etc. These adverts can be seen by the whole world and are not limited to a geographical region. In this same respect, adverts are meant for the mass and there are many users of internet worldwide so the message gets spread widely and quickly thereby reaching people of different cultures and beliefs. Some of the people might be uninterested because the signs or symbols used violate their cultures. E-mails are also sent to people who are either not interested or are not located geographically in areas accessible to the products. 2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of internet ads The most common item that determines advantages of a product or service lies in its cost. Internet advertising packages could be available at very low costs (10 dollars per monthly subscription). Trouble free relativity could also be a great advantage internet advertisement has over other media ads, to the user and the producer, all which is needed is first of all a PC then internet service, through which you can either design a site or survey advert sites. It is could also be noticed that with internet advertisement, when advertisers get to know the age group, taste, and sex of consumers who most frequently survey their ads, site owners could easily and quickly update their pages to current consumer needs compared to other media ads which could do so only periodically. Market presentation is also easy with internet ad, product or service is designed for the younger generation or the corporate world are easily viewed by this class of persons as they make the greater proportion of int ernet users and the greatest proportion of consumers. Though a multiple advantages make internet advertisement favorable, some disadvantages could still be noticed. Internet advertisement is made better with professional help and these additional costs make some ads more expensive than others. It is disadvantageous to use only the internet as advertising medium because there are a hand full of persons who can not gain access to this new technology or they just dont have the trust in these internet ads. 2.3 Broad band connections in Hungary and Nigeria Broadband connection is a new concept used, in place of dial up connections. Broadband internet connection is faster and offers a host of advantages in them. The speed is usually faster than a dial up connection, which facilitates many operations at a time in for example watching many online live shows and movie downloads etc. There are various types of broadband offered nowadays. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), cable, wireless, satellite, Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) etc are some common types. Hungarys internet providers provide their services using a number of broadband which include DSL, Cable broadband, ADSL2+ and Wireless broadband. The broad band is distributed through multiple distribution channels namely; UPC, T-Kabel, Fibernet and DIGI. Hungarys broadband market experiences strong growth, Cable broadband is widely available due to the network penetration of the countrys cable operators. The broadband market as a whole experiences a significant growth as the regulators have reduced access tariffs and have introduced a wholesale system based on retail tariffs to ensure suitable margin for alternative operators. Digital cable services have been launched by a handful of the smaller cable operators and the countrys Direct To Home (DTH) market is showing fresh signs of life. The Internet access sector in Hungary constitutes the total revenues generated by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from the provision of narrowband and broadband Internet connections through both consumer and corporate channels. Similar to Hungary, Nigeria uses ADSL, cable and wireless broadband services which are rapidly replacing the formal dial up access method. Market penetration is still low leaving room for necessary growth. Nigerians connect to the internet in many ways through Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) links, Wireless microwave links internet access and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) access. Many of these sessions are through internet cafes as very few Nigerians have their own personal computers. Mobile operators are strongly gaining growth by providing Nigerians to access the internet through mobile devices. Such service providers are; MTN, Celtel, and Glo Mobile providing internet, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and HSDPA all across the nation. 2.4 Technical aspects of internet usage in Nigeria and Hungary Internet usage is regarded with direct reflection of the total countrys population. This would be termed the percentage rate of penetration which relates to the number of internet users per square feet of the population. Public cyber cafe of various shades and sizes are the most common method of access individuals have to the internet. In addition to that, there are internet service providers delivering direct access to individuals and businesses on a variety of platforms. There is widespread availability in urban centres, and fairly good availability in smaller towns most recently, mobile phone lines such as MTN, Celtel, and Glo Mobile provide internet, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and HSDPA all across the nation, it is almost amazing to find internet access in some of the most remote locations in the country. According to an issue in trade invest Nigeria onBroadband in Nigeria: The revolution is coming by Jaco Maritzs; posted on Sunday, March 16th 2008, Nigerians connect to the internet in many ways but 53% of connections are made through Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) links. Wireless microwave links account for 19% of internet access and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) access are estimated to be only 14%. Many of these sessions are through internet cafes as very few Nigerians have their own personal computers. National Bureau of Statistics figures show that in 2006 less than 10% of internet users had access from the workplace and less than 4% from the home. Only 1.3% of the population own personal computers. Nigerian internet users are aged between 11 and 40 with a greater part of this population being students, business persons, and to a lower extent, the public functions giving a 7.4 % total internet population penetration. (See appendix Diagram N2) In Hungary, other than the traditional activities of the internet (emailing, browsing, reading journals online), a greater extent of Internet users use it for the leisure function of the web, job search and application, internet purchases, watching or listening to news, entertainment purposes as well. Users in Hungary vary between the ages of 10 and 69 summing a total of 34.9% internet rate of penetration. 55% of these users use the online voice transmission in communication and chatting, at least 33 percent have tried to watch television via the internet. The number of people using internet at home increases considerably, from 23% in 2007 to 28% in 2008 and 41% in 2009. Having access to the internet does not necessarily imply using it as of the 46% of home owners 10 % of them do not use it at all. (See appendix Diagram H3) 2.5 Marketing in Hungary and Nigeria Advertising is in respect to marketing, that is; people advertise to make known their products and hence gain marketing ground; therefore a vivid understanding of marketing is necessary. Customer satisfaction, as a construct, has been fundamental to marketing for over three decades and every advertisement tries to comply with this logic. As far back as 1960s, satisfying the needs and desires of the consumer stands as the definition of marketing â€Å"Keith 1960†. Interest in customer satisfaction increased through out the years till date. Several studies have shown that it costs about five times to gain a new customer as it does to keep an existing customer and these results into more interest in customer relationships (Naumann, 1995). Companies now have big investment in database marketing, relationship management and customer planning to move closer to their customers â€Å"Hill and Alexander (2000)†. These definitions demonstrate that increasing customer satisfaction affects companies directly, increases their market shares which lead to improved profits, positive recommendation, lower marketing expenditures and greatly impacts company corporate image and hence enhances their survival. The relevance of these definitions to this study indicates that customers access the internet services based on experience of use and rating is done in accordance with the internet services attributes. In this study, customer satisfaction in the Nigerian and Hungarian markets will be evaluated based on customers usage and their reaction to internet advertisements, experience of network quality, billing, validity period and customer care support. By Marketing Penetration we imply where a company expands market share in an existing market byusing existing products which could be done in 4 main ways. 1. Persuade existing customers to buy more of the same product, thiscan be done buy promotions such as 3 for 2. This make the customerfeel as if they are getting more for their money, and hopefullycould stop them from switching to alternative brands. 2. Attracting new customers to products. This can be done buyimproving the image of the product, new packaging, reducing price,or buy giving a % extra free. 3. Poaching customers from competitors. Buy reducing price, givingfreebies, and a % extra free with the product. Doing this couldincrease your market share and reduce your competitors. 4. Withdrawing other products. Buy withdrawing less profitableproducts, similar products can become more profitable, and sellmore. Marketing through internet advertising targets all already existing consumers and expected consumers both to cultivate lasting customer relationships. The internet provides a new and cheap channel for marketing through advertising. Once in the internet any customer is able to see an advert posted and many are willing to place orders via the internet by sending emails directly to the web host. According to Armstrong et al (2005), the internet is an excellent channel for communication with customers on individual basis because of its immediate and direct interaction capability. From companys point of view, a companycan enter the cyber marketing world without theintervention of any intermediaries simply by buying into the technology itself and by turning the medium into amarketing research as well as an advertising medium, interactive media also operates in territories not covered by a vendorssales force, therefore reaching the showroom and the sales pitch to the buyersremote locations simply by dropping it in the post. It can be agreed that internet marketing improves brand image of a company or products or both, hence it is a revenue earner, reliability of the country is very important for the success of internet marketing. Companies necessarily focus their internet marketing based on the gender difference and so make more money though Consumers remain uncertain. Internet marketing can be used successfully whether it is industrial products or consumer products. It is undisputable that online support is an important factor to make internet marketing a success. Companies and consumers agree that more user friendly, better key word matches would drive the future search engine marketing. 2.6 Pricing factor in internet advertising Prising in internet advertisement is a subject which can not be under minded as it involves the reason for advertising (both the advertiser and the consumer) each product or service advertised carries a different parameters depending on the desires of the individual consumer who finally decides on his/her preferences. After this determining factor of attribute parameter of product, the price becomes a relevant factor. Price is a parameter of buyers decision that can not be overlooked, further more, when a characteristic is considered more important than price in making a purchase decision, then its value is considered to be a requirement for purchase, but if the intended characteristic is considered less important than price, then acceptable range can be seen as preference rather than requirement (Joan Morris and Paul P. Maglio, 2001) Therefore, price is a general determinant for especially price sensitive consumers. Internet advertisers have different pricing techniques to attract new buyers and at the same time maintain already existing consumers which is based on consumer characteristic and the dynamically nature of demand and supply. Some of such frequently used pricing techniques are: Dynamic pricing As the term indicates, it is the dynamic adjustment of prices to consumers depending on the value attributed to product or service by these same consumers. By making provisions for affordable prices for certain products, this system instigates optimal results for consumers and hence enhances maximum sales to those selling. With internet marketing, there exists an evident shift from fixed pricing to dynamic pricing with greater competition existing against the formal and still existing traditional marketing system. Price differentiation It is a process whereby the same product of different units is sold at different prices to different consumers. With price differentiation, prices differ with the number of units sold. This could involve group pricing, discount pricing etc. With price differentiation, companies decrease the suitability of their products and services by customising their offers to the requirements of specific customers or market segment. This provides the customer with an advantage to purchase the said product or service. Using these pricing techniques enables the consumer to purchase a product by stating his or her own price, considering the suitability of the product in question. The right price in the market can not be easily determined, prices are competitive and this directly influences price sensitive consumers who have the tendency to fall for the most appreciated prices during their purchases. The best price in internet market does not only consider the price established by the producer or seller but also that requested by the buyer or consumer. Internet marketing offers the opportunity for companies to test prices, segment customers and adjust to change in supply and demand (Efraim Turban et Al. 2006) to consumers these pricing techniques are advantageous in the sense that consumers have the opportunity to find unique items and collectibles, consumers remain unanimous, internet market creates a bargaining atmosphere enabling the consumer to opt for the most affordable price, it is more convenient as consumer is not obliged to change location to execute a purchase and for the producers, they gain more customers by offering more items directly, it enhances maximum sales which is a fundamental base of every business, it improves customer relationship and customer loyalty to already existing customers. 2.7 Factors influencing intern Led Zeppelin: History and Analysis Led Zeppelin: History and Analysis Led Zeppelin was one of the most popular mainstream rock bands from 1968 to 1980. Consisting of Robert Plant on vocals, Jimmy Page on guitar, John Paul Jones on bass guitar, and John Bonham on the drums, they are now considered to be one of the greatest rock bands that ever played. Led Zeppelin made many contributions to the music world and their legacy is still very alive today. Each individual member of Led Zeppelin made their own contributions to their music and the advancement of music as a whole. Without any one member Led Zeppelins legacy would be completely different. Robert Plants high vocal style and songwriting abilities were instrumental in Led Zeppelins success. Jimmy Pages musical knowledge and innovative guitar playing are widely considered to be some of the greatest of their time. According to AllMusic.com Jimmy Page is Unquestionably one of the all-time most influential, important, and versatile guitarists and songwriters in rock history (Prato, 2011). John Bonhams loud, heavy drumming and percussion skills were essential to the Led Zeppelin hard rock sound. A friend of Bonhams once said that He always wanted to be one of the loudest drummers in the west and was determined not to be drowned out by guitarists (Welch Nicholls, 2001, p. 28). John Paul Jones steady bass rhythms and musical diversity were key elements to the Led Zeppelin sound tha t are often overlooked. Led Zeppelin was officially formed as a group in the late 1960s. Founder and guitarist Jimmy Page was playing with a group known as The Yardbirds at the time. In 1968, The Yardbirds disbanded and Page began searching for new members for the band. He was soon put into contact with Robert Plant and hired him as the bands new vocalist. Plant knew a drummer and suggested John Bonham, an old band mate, for the job. Bonham was soon hired and all they needed was a bassist. John Paul Jones soon contacted Page and the band was formed as the New Yardbirds. The band soon recorded their first album together and it was released under their new name Led Zeppelin. In late 1968 Led Zeppelin signed with Atlantic Records and in the last days of December they performed live in the United States for the first time. Led Zeppelins early days were mainly spent touring Europe and recording for their first album as Led Zeppelin. Their first record propelled them onto the music scene with a groundbreaking heavy blues-rock fusion. The touring for the first album made Led Zeppelin a household name and landed them in the limelight for the next decade. Over the next ten years Led Zeppelin went to new heights with their massive concerts and innovative records. Led Zeppelins first official album, a self-titled record, was recorded in late 1968 and was subsequently released in the United States in January of 1969. The album produced a number of classic Led Zeppelin staples such as Dazed and Confused, Good Times Bad Times, and Communication Breakdown. Elements from this album such as Jimmy Pages use of a cello bow to play his guitar went on to become icons of Led Zeppelins music. Although the album was initially criticized, the album is now considered to be one of the greatest stepping stones in the further development of hard rock music. Later in October 1969 Led Zeppelin released their second album, Led Zeppelin II, and the response was even greater than their first. This album really showcased the bands blues and folk influences on song like Ramble On and Bring it on Home. Robert Plant became famous for his mystical and story-telling songwriting style and we see those elements in Ramble On. One of the biggest legacies to come from this album was the song Whole Lotta Love. Whole Lotta Love is one of their most famous songs and has been covered extensively over the years. Jimmy Pages guitar riffs and solos are some of the most recognizable guitar works of the time. A year later, in October 1970, Led Zeppelin released their third album and unsurprisingly it was named Led Zeppelin III. The album contains more acoustic and mellow songs than its predecessors. In an interview regarding the making of their third album Jimmy Page said Well never stop doing the heavy things, because that comes out naturally when we play. But there is another side to us. The new album is totally different from the others and I see that its obviously a new direction (Retrieved April 3, 2011, www.ledzeppelin.org). The album was mostly done at a place called Bron-Yr-Aur in the U.K. One of the albums songs, Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp, was named after it. Led Zeppelins fourth album was released in November 1971, and although it is often referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, it is also known by many other names. The album itself has no name on it but it has become known as Zoso or the four symbols due to the symbols that the band members chose to represent themselves. The symbols of Robert Plant, John Bonham, and John Paul Jones all have meanings, but the symbol that Jimmy Page used has been a topic of debate since he began using it. Robert Plants symbol, a circle with a feather inside, is said to represent a writer, John Bonhams, three interlocking circles, are said to represent the link between a man, a woman, and their child, and John Paul Jones symbol, a circle over three vesica piscis, is said to be the symbol of a confident and competent individual (Retrieved April 3, 2001, www.inthelight.co.nz). The real mystery surrounds Jimmy Pages symbol which has become known as Zoso. Nobody really knows for sure what the symbol means other than J immy himself, but it has been a mysterious question for Led Zeppelin fans ever since. The fourth album is also considered to be one of Led Zeppelins greatest works and contains some of their most memorable songs. Led Zeppelin IV contained such Led Zeppelin classics as Black Dog, Rock and Roll, Going to California, When the Levee Breaks, and Stairway to Heaven. Led Zeppelin returned to their hard rock form from their first two records and the result was their best selling record. Led Zeppelin IV is the fourth best-selling album in history with over 22 million copies sold. The epic Stairway to Heaven is still the most requested song of all-time for radio (Retrieved April 5, 2011, rockhall.com). In 1973 Led Zeppelin released Houses of the Holy and in 1975 released the double album Physical Graffiti. These two albums both topped the charts and produced songs such as Kashmir, Over the Hills and Far Away, Houses of the Holy, and Trampled Under Foot. These years were also the height of Led Zeppelins tours. From 1970 until Aug. 1975 Led Zeppelin toured extensively in Britain and the U.S. They set record numbers for attendance and were famous for playing at sports stadiums and other large venues. In August of 1975 Robert Plant and his wife were involved in a serious car accident which prevented the band from touring. Although they couldnt tour, they still continued to stay in the public eye. During their break from touring due to Plants injury, the band focused on new materials and finishing an old project. In March of 1976 the band released Presence, their sixth album. Presence was their worst selling album, although it did produce the epic song Achilles Last Stand. Also, in 1973 the band played three shows in New York City at Madison Square Gardens and their live performances were filmed for use in a live concert film that was released in October 1976. The band returned to the touring circuit in 1977 and picked up where they left off. The band continued to set records for attendance to their concerts and live performances. After touring for a few months, the band cancelled the remainder of the 1977 tour dates due to the surprising death of Robert Plants son. After the death of Plants son, the band took a break and returned to record their next album in late 1978. The album, In Through the Out Door, was released in the summer of 1979. Songs like Fool in the Rain and All of my Love propelled it to the top of the charts. Led Zeppelin toured Europe on and off in 1979 and 1980. On Sept. 25th, 1980, John Bonham was found dead at the age of thirty-two as a result of choking on his own vomit following a day of very heavy drinking. The band disbanded following his death, although they did release an album of old Led Zeppelin outtakes called Coda in 1982. Over the years after 1980 the band only reunited for a few one-time performances. In 1985 they played at the Live Aid concert and again in 1988 for the Atlantic records 40th anniversary. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page released an album together in 1994 entitled No Quarter. Also, In honor of the life of their friend Ahmed Ertegun, the three living members reunited with Jason Bonham, Johns son, on drums to play a concert in London in December 2007. Almost three decades after their departure Led Zeppelin was still highly regarded by both old and new fans, as their show in December 2007 set a new record for most demanded concert tickets. From 1968 to 1980 Led Zeppelin dominated the rock music world with their high-energy live performances that broke numerous attendance records and their chart-topping albums. Their songs are still some of the most recognized and requested songs on American radio. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. Their biography for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame used these words to describe their legacy: Combining the visceral power and intensity of hard rock with the finesse and delicacy of British folk music, Led Zeppelin redefined rock in the Seventies and for all time. They were as influential in that decade as the Beatles were in the prior one (Retrieved April 5, 2011, rockhall.com). Led Zeppelin paved the way for the hard rock bands of the late seventies, eighties, and into the nineties. They also popularized huge live performances at stadiums and arenas that were emulated for years to follow. The impact and legacy of Led Zeppelin has influenced bands and the entire music industry for the past three decades and will continue to influence them for years to come. Demographic Analysis of Service Quality | Results Chapter Demographic Analysis of Service Quality | Results Chapter This section presents the findings about the respondents profile in terms of their age, gender, level of education and monthly income. The data are shown in frequencies and percentage. 4.1.1 Age Gender The respondents have been classified into six groups of age: less than 18 years old; between 19-25 years old; between 26-35 years old; between 36-45 years old; between 46-55 years old; 56 years old and above. Table 4.1 indicates that there were no respondents whose age was less than 18 years old. Around one-fifth (33 or 21.6 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 19-25 years old. More than half (78 or 51.0 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 26-35 years old. About (33 or 21.6 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 36-45 years old. Only (8 or 5.2 percent) respondents whose age was between 46-55 years old and only one person whose age was 56 years old and above. 4.1.2 Level of education The respondents have been classified into six groups of educational level: high school, diploma (two years), bachelors degree, masters degree, doctoral degree and other. Table 4.3 indicates that there were almost (11 or 7.2 percent) of the respondents who had high school. About (5 or 3.3 percent) of the respondents who had diploma (two years). About one-third (52 or 34.0 percent) of the respondents who had bachelors degree. More than third (60 or 39.2 percent) of the respondents who had masters degree. About (23 or 15 percent) of the respondents who had doctoral degree and about (2 or 1.3 percent) holding other types of certificates. 4.1.3 Monthly Income The respondents have been classified into seven groups of monthly income: Less than 2,999; 3,000 5,999; 6,000 8,999; 9,000 11,999; 12,000 14,999; 15,000 19,999 and More than 20,000 SAR per month. Table 4.4 shows that there were almost (12 or 7.8 percent) of the respondents who had less than 2,999 SAR income. About (15 or 9.8 percent) had between 3K 5,999 SAR. About (22 or 14.4 percent) had between 6K 8,999 SAR. About 17.6 and 17.0 percent had less than 12K and 15K respectively. The majority (28 or 18.3 percent) of respondents had between 15K 19,999 SAR per month and about (23 or 15.0 percent) have had more than 20K SAR as monthly income. 4.2 Level of Selected Variables This part discusses the respondents level of agreement on system quality factors, information quality factors and service quality factors. The findings are presented in frequencies, percentages, and means. The discussion also emphasizes the data sufficiency and variables effect on e-Commerce growth within Saudi Arabia. 4.2.1 Level of agreement based on system quality In terms of System Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.5 that 58 (37.9 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 29 (19 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 28 (18.3 percent) Somewhat Agree. Twenty-two (14.4 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Ten (6.5 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree. The findings indicated factor 2 (Ease of Use) as the highest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.66, SD=1.531) in this category. On the other hand, factor 4 (Reliability) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.34, SD=1.717). In the case of the factor analysis, one important aspect is to test the assumptions. The two key techniques used are the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy test and the Bartlett test for sphericity. The KMO tests the appropriateness of the data, while the Bartlett tests for correlations. For system quality, these tests are shown on Table 4.7. As shown on Table 4.7, the KMO is 0.898. According to Field (2005, p650), the recommended minimum KMO is 0.5 Values between 0.5 and 0.7 are considered as mediocre. KMO of values between 0.7 and 0.8 are considered as good, while values above 0.8 are considered as great. Based on the KMO of 0.898 produced in this analysis, it has been justified that the factor analysis was appropriate for this data. Bartletts measure tests the null hypothesis that the original correlation matrix is an identity matrix. For factor analysis to work, it in necessary for some variables to have relationships; if the R-matrix were an identity, then all correlation coefficients would be zero. Hence there is a need to test for significance (have p The results of the more robust factor analysis techniques for system quality show that a single solution explained about 75% of the variance as shown on Table 4.8 below. 4.2.2 Level of agreement based on information quality In terms of Information Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.7 that 46 (30.1 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 36 (23.5 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 39 (25.5 percent) Somewhat Agree. Seventeen (11.1 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Nine (5.9 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree. The findings indicated factor 6 (Simplicity) as the most influential factor amongst the respondents (M=5.64, SD=1.431) in this category. On the other hand, factor 4 (Personalization) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.16, SD=1.506). The factor analysis produced a single factor solution with an explanatory variance of 78% (Table 4.11). The KMO was 0.913 and Bartlett test (p = 0.000), indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis. 4.2.3 Level of agreement based on service quality In terms of Service Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.9 that 46 (30.1 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 36 (23.5 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 39 (25.5 percent) Somewhat Agree. Seventeen (11.1 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Nine (5.9 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree. The findings indicated factor 2 (Understanding) as the highest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.32, SD=1.370) in this category. On the other hand, factor 5 (Dedication) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=4.96, SD=1.589). Again, the factor analysis produced a single factor solution with an explanatory variance of 67% (Table 4.13). The KMO was 0.900 and Bartlett test (p = 0.000), indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis. 4.3 Reliability Analysis Test Reliability can be defined as the degree to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure would produce the same result on repeated trials (Writing guides, 2009). Furthermore, reliability could be defined as the degree to which measures are free from error and thus yield consistent results (Zikmund, 2003). There are several different types of reliability coefficients such as Split half reliability, Guttman, Parallel, Strictly parallel and Cronbachs alpha. Cronbachs alpha is one of the most commonly used measures because it can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient and it ranges in value from 0 to 1 (Coakes and Steed, 2003). Hence, Cronbachs alpha was used as a measurement of reliability for each variable in this study. From the analysis done on the instruments listed under each variable in the questionnaire, Table 4.14 shows that Cronsbachs Alpha for the variables system quality, information quality, and service quality are 0.931, 0.943, and 0.898 respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the measures can be considered as great as it achieved more than 0.8 Alpha values (Field, 2005, p. 668). 4.4 Demographic effect on the dimensions factors As stated in chapter three, the effect of demographic differences is to be examined wither it effect the significance of factors in each dimension or not. The following hypothesis was built to test this issue: H0: Demographic differences have no impact on variables significance in an IS model. H1: The importance of success variables in an IS model vary due to demographic differences. To cautiously investigate this issue, a comparison was made between cases with different demographic (from same category) in each on of the three dimensions (i.e. System Quality, Information Quality, and Service Quality) to clearly mark any differences that might exist. A detailed list of all the mean comparison made is included in appendix B. 4.4.1 Age difference effect on system quality To measure the influence of age on system quality, several comparisons have been made to investigate the case. In general, all tests showed an increase in system quality demanding along with the increase in age. The ease of use and system flexibility features significance increases with respect to the increase in age as descried in Table 4.14. Youth are careless risk takers, while elders are more conservative risk averse this statement can be clearly observed when monitoring (Reliability Security) which increases with the growth of age. Consequently, the effect of age difference on system quality could be undoubtedly seen in this matter. 4.4.2 Level of education effect on information quality To test the indirect effect of education level on the information quality dimension, three comparisons have been carried out. First, both doctoral and masters equally Agree on the importance of information accuracy; high school level, on the other hand, are Not Sure about that. While diploma holders Strongly Agree with the importance of dynamic contents, bachelors degree holders see less significance, thus, they tend to Somewhat Agree with that statement. Unlike bachelors degree holders who Somewhat Agree with the importance of information simplicity, doctoral degree holders do Agree on its weight for information quality. By looking at the three comparisons made, it could be clearly stated that the effect of education level is significant in this situation. 4.4.3 Gender difference effect on service quality Different gender has different interpretation of service quality provided by e-commerce support centres. To test the indirect effect of gender difference on the services quality provided, a small comparison has been made. Women tend to be more concerned about service centre willingness to help (commitment) and they Agree on the importance of human interaction ability in support centres. Men, on the other hand, give less attention Somewhat Agree to these two aspects. An interesting case to be noticed in this context is the privacy protection. In a conventional society such as Saudi Arabia, people tend to be more conservative when it comes to giving personal information. In such society, women are expected to be more conservative then men. Results, however, revealed that men were actually more sensitive toward privacy protection then women as show in Table 4.17. Accordingly, it could be concluded that gender differences have an effect on service quality dimension as shown here. 4.4 Summary of Findings The study revealed a number of interesting cases that need some attention in order to understand the behavior and logical reasoning behind it; in order to help build a better e-Commerce system that is more considerate and sensitive to the needs of targeted consumers. Some of interesting ranking information, regarding the participants, that could be found from the previous tables includes: Age: More than half (51%) of the respondents are between 26-35 years old. This indicates the fact that Saudi Arabia is a young nation with a median age of 24.9 years (male: 26 years, female: 23.4 years) (The World Fact book, 2010). Gender: The majority (72.5 %) of the participants are males. This is due to cultural limitation of contact between the two genders (women segregation) within the country. The minority was done via relatives. Education: More than (88 %) of the participants are holders of bachelor, masters, or doctoral degrees. This is understandable since the online survey was circulated amongst Saudi Students in the UK Saudi Arabia. The findings indicate that simplicity (Ease of use) was the most pointed feature amongst the various system quality factors. A user friendly designed system with simple navigation ability seemed more important to consumers than reliability power, robustness or even security standards. Thus, e-Commerce marketing strategy should focus on sending the image of a simple user friendly e-Commerce system rather than focusing on the facts of security or multi-access capabilities (i.e. PC Mobile, 24/7, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc). As for Information quality measures, the findings indicated that simplicity was again the key factor acquired by consumers. Although completeness and accuracy were of high demands (5.47 5.58 means), keeping it simple, straight forward, and in understandable terms was most favorite feature. This is obvious when compared to comprehensiveness which might leads to long lists of annoying terms and conditions catalog. The ability of e-Commerce support centers to understand consumers specific needs was the most important factor of service quality. An argument might be that, a well committed and knowledgeable support personal would not be helpful if the consumer needs were mistakenly interpreted. Based on the data of 153 respondents, the multi-items measures were subjected to a series of validity and reliability checks. For the multi-item scale, the set of factors that correspond to each dimension was initially subjected to an examination of Cronbachs alpha and item-to-total correlations test. Thus, all measures appeared to be uni-dimensional, internally consistent, reliable and valid for analysis of the model. Furthermore, this chapter has examined the influence of demographic effects on the dimensions (System, Information and Service) factors prioritization process. The relationship was conducted by computing the differences measures of the means and Standard Deviations, which supported the hypotheses that all the variables have a significance impact on e-Commerce growth and adoption in Saudi Arabia.